Chapter 3-4 Exam Review

What is a referent?

The word is a sign that signifies a referent, but the referent is not the meaning of the word. The relationship between the thing being referenced and the word is based on personal whim, and because of social convention, speakers agree on what to call everything around them.

What are minimal pairs?

Words that are differentiated by the pronunciation of one pair of sounds.

A word family includes __________________________.

a based word, its inflections, and some regular derived forms (e.g., drive, driver, driving, drives)

When it comes to folk etymologies, and referents relation to words, what are some examples of this?

blackberry is so called because it is a berry that is black Bedroom is so named because it is a room containing a bed Friday is so called because "it is the day, you eat fried fish" Handkerchief is so named because you hold it in your hand and go "kerchoo."

Define ontological categories

concepts about how the world is organized. This is how Developmentalists believe very young children map language.

What is reflexive vocalization?

cries, coughs, and involuntary grunts that seem to be automatic responses reflecting the physical state of the infant

Children only rarely employ the typical adult strategy of creating __________________ by adding suffixes.

derived words

In early language development, word pronunciations are often affected by __________________

length of the word and its stress patterns

Stressed syllables generally are ________________

louder, longer and higher in pitch than unstressed syllables.

When it comes to children, words that are iconic often _______________________

make up a large part of a child's early vocabulary and it is probably easier for children to learn these words.

What is sound play?

may contain recurring favorite sound sequences, or even early words. Children who engage in sound play do not seem to be talking to anyone (e.g. playing with sounds in their crib while alone).

Would penguin be a good prototypical word for a bird?

no.

Very young children's receptive and expressive vocabularies are ____________________.

not identical.

What is an underextension?

occurs when a child uses a particular word for only a limited subset of contexts. For example, a child that uses the term duck for birds that swim, and bird for those that fly, and chicken for those that don't fly.

What is an overextension?

occurswhen a child includes objects in a class to which they do not belong, but with which they share some features. For example, when a dog is called kitty, or a cotton ball is called snow, or someone is greeted with "bye-bye."

During the first 5 years of life, this rate accelerates so that children learn an average _________________________

of one new word every two waking hours.

Unstressed syllables in the initial or medial positions are often _____________________

omitted (e.g., tato for potato).

Overextensions and underextensions are common in ________________ year old children's speech

one and two

In English, words of more than ___________ syllable typically have a syllable that receives primary ______________.

one, stress.

According to the prototype theory, children acquire prototypes when they _____________________________.

they acquire meaning and only later come to recognize category members

What is ostension? Give an example of how a parent would use this.

Ostension simply means that objects are explicitly labeled. An example of this would be to point out that green is the color of lily pads, grass, plants, and limes.

What happens in Stage 5. Jargon stage?

(10 months and older). The last stage of babbling generally overlaps with the early period of meaningful speech and is characterized by strings of sounds and syllables uttered with a rich variety of stress and intonational patterns. This kind of vocalization is called conversational babble, modulated babble, or jargon.

What happens in Stage 2. Cooing and laughter ?

(2-4 months). During this stage, infants begin to make some comfort-state vocalizations, often called cooing or gooing sounds. These vocalizations seem to be made in the back of the mouth with velar consonants and back vowels.

What happens in stage 3. Vocal play?

(4-6 months). Babies are testing their vocal apparatus to determine the range of vocal qualities they can produce. This period is characterized by the appearance of very loud and very soft sounds (yells and whispers) and very high and very low sounds (squeals and growls).

What happens in Stage 4. Canonical babbling?

(6 months and older). Sequences of consonant-vowel syllables with adult-like timing. Multisyllabic utterances are often categorized as reduplicated babbles (strings of identical syllables (e.g. babababa) or variegated babbles (syllable strings with varying consonants and vowels (bagidabu).

What happens in stage 1. Reflexive vocalizations?

(birth to 2 months). Characterized by a majority of reflexive vocalizations such as crying, burping, sneezing, hic-cupping, grunting, and fussing. Some vowel like sounds may occur. Sounds in this stage are partially determined by the infant's anatomical structures.

What are non-reflexive vocalizations?

(or non-automatic) vocalizations like cooing, voluntary grunts, babbling and jargon - productions containing many phonetic features found in adult languages.

What are some examples of minimal pairs?

Cat vs. hat thigh and thy chill and Jill wreath and wreathe

Many children have simplified adult productions by using phonological processes. Children learn to say sound sequences, not simply sounds. What are some examples of things that would happen during this process?

-Many young speakers have difficulty with consonant clusters and may leave out one consonant (cluster reduction). -Children may substitute a different sound for one of the sounds that causes them trouble as they are trying to be faithful to adult phonology

Give an example of phonotactic constraints that occur in English at the beginning and end of words.

-No English word begins with the sound "ng". -While English words frequently end with consonant clusters such as /lp/ or /rt/, no English word can begin with these sounds. We have words like plot or true, but we cannot have a word like lpot or rtue.

When it comes to children's articulation improvement, how do parents play a role?

-Open correction by adults plays little role in the acquisition of language. -Parents do seem to improve the precision of their own articulation above typical conversational levels to help their children learn to speak. -children's phonological errors seem to be fairly resistant to overt correction.

What are the primary features of early words?

-They tend to share phonetic features -Occur frequently in speech -Are short in length -Come from all grammatical classes -Nouns = 40% of the average English-speaking child's first 50 words -By the time children have over 600 words, 40%= nouns, 25% = verbs and adjectives, 15% = function words.

Invented words follow three basic principals. What are they?

1.Simplicity - reflected in children's use of a conventional word in an unconventional but obvious role - "to pillow" meaning to throw a pillow at. 2.Semantic transparency - evident in innovations such as "plant-man" for gardener 3.Productivity - shown in children's use of forms that are frequently used by adults as the basis of new words - using the -er suffix. Children create nouns such as cooker and bicycler.

What is the difference between a consonant and a vowel?

A vowel consists of the letters, A,E,I,O,U, and consonants are every other letter. When it comes to verbalizing these letter sounds, vowels are unobstructed so air flows easier through pathways. With consonants, the sounds are more constricted and it doesn't flow as easy.

What sounds are primarily heard in babbling?

In the first six months, most sounds babies make are vowel sounds, with most consonants produced in the back of the mouth Ex: /k, g/ and With the onset of canonical babbling, there is a shift towards front consonants, especially /m, p, d/.

As children approach the end of their first year, babbling becomes more and more like the language(s) they are hearing. What contributes to this process?

Babies gradually stop using sounds they do not hear around them. They start to produce more of the sounds that are frequent in their language.

What is assimilation?

Children may also alter sounds within words to make them more similar to each other. For example: the child says gog for dog

In a cognitive theory of phonological development, children are learning how to talk like others around them. Why do children avoid some sounds and use others in their early words?

Children may avoid words with difficult sounds or sound sequences, choose to produce or select words with favorite sounds, and replace or rearrange the sounds in the target word.

What is semantic development?

During semantic development, Children's strategies for figuring out the relation between a word and its meaning is constantly adapting and growing. Learning the connection between words and their meanings do not happen all at once, and it is practiced through semantic development.

When do non-reflexive and reflexive vocalizations occur?

During the first year

Explain phonotactic constraints.

Every language has different rules that allow combinations of sounds to form words, as well as where in a word it is allowed to use certain sounds.

When there is a minimal pair, what is happening to the two sounds?

In a minimal pair, the two sounds are said to CONTRAST if there is a minimal pair of words that displays how changing from one sound to another produces a change in meaning OR changes a word to a non-word. The contrasting sound is a phoneme.

What are Suprasegmental features?

It includes pitch, loudness and timing.

Explain what IPA is and discuss why is IPA useful for speech pathologists?

It is a representation of sounds that are used in spoken language and it also includes other dialects spoken in the United States. IPA assists speech pathologists because it acts a tool that breaks up language into sounds rather than letters.

Describe what a phoneme is.

It is a set of contrasting sounds in a language, and it is also the smallest unit of sound that signals a change in meaning. For example, there is a voiced and an unvoiced phoneme in English, even though both are spelled with "th."

Do children fail to pronounce particular sounds correctly because they have failed to perceive them accurately?

It is unlikely.

What do adults do to influence children's semantic development?

Labeling, gaze behavior, dovetail, basic level categories, ostension, when teaching superordinates they use inclusion, using inner state words, input is more clearly and slowly enunciated, exaggerated intonation, pausing, amount of speech directed toward children, and multiple exposures

What are the five stages of pre-linguistic vocalizations?

Stage 1. Reflexive vocalizations Stage 2. Cooing and laughter Stage 3. Vocal play Stage 4. Canonical babbling Stage 5. Jargon stage

What are folk etymologies?

Plato argued that there is a natural relation between things and words.

What is lexical selection?

Preference for words containing "favorite sounds"

What does production of a word require?

Production of a word requires on its most basic level that the child speak the word at an appropriate time and place.

What are some strategies that children adopt when they are learning to pronounce words?

Some children are relatively conservative, only using words they can produce with reasonable accuracy. Other children avoid sounds they have difficulty producing, or select words with sounds they can produce. Some children adopt one word at a time, while others use a more global approach, approximating whole phrases. Other children might combine approaches, embedding one or two clear words in an otherwise unintelligible stream.

What is semantic development?

The acquisition of words and their many meanings and the development of that knowledge into a complex hierarchical network of associated meanings. learning to relate a word to its referent.

What is the difference between the two words record and record?

The differences between these two words come from the fact that noun is accented or stressed on the first syllable (RE-krd), but the verb is stressed on the second syllable. (re-KORD)

What are Probabilistic concepts?

They have a variable set of criteria: e.g., most, but not all birds have many features in common, but there is not a single set of essential features (e.g. not all birds fly: do they all have beaks and feathers?)

Give an example of when Intonational changes would occur.

They occur throughout utterances, and help convey meaning (e.g. rising intonation at the end of a sentence signals a question).

What is intonation contour?

This is when the pattern of pitch changes in a phrase or sentence.

What is Nasal assimiliation?

This occurs when the child uses a nasal sound for a non-nasal sound, when the word has a nasal consonant anywhere in it (e.g., mump for bump).

What is the semantic feature view of how children acquire words/concepts?

This says that children learn a certain set of for each concept that belongs in a category. This can include shape, size, composition, features, etc.

What are canonical forms?

This would be when a child has an abstracted pattern for sets of words

Fast mapping in children is more successful if the children are ______________________

exposed over the course of two or three days.

What are some features of probabilistic concepts?

have fuzzier boundaries Require that all members share some set of features, but may not necessarily share them all.

A child's canonical forms represent the same kind of sound sequences she has learned to produce, what does this mean?

her rules are representations of regular ways she adjusts adult words to fit her patterns.

Some research has shown that young children believe that the word and its referent are ______________________

intrinsically linked.

Apples, collies, and roses are examples of _______________ fruits, dogs, and flowers.

prototypical

A word is an arbitrary sign that signifies a ______________.

referent.

What is fast mapping?

refers to the ability to make an initial word-referent mapping after only a few exposures to a new word and without explicit instruction.

What is a classical concept?

require all members of the group must share specific features. For example: a triangle must have three sides.

Babies' early babbling sounds similar or different across different languages?

similar

What are vocal motor schemes?

sound sequences

Pitch, loudness and timing are used to signal ______________.

stress

What is a reduplicated babble?

strings of identical syllables For example: babababa

What are variegated babbles?

syllable strings with varying consonants and vowels. For example: bagidabu

What does comprehension of a word require?

that a child hear the word or anticipate something happening as a result

What does the semantic feature view suggest?

that children learn a set of distinguishing features for each categorical concept. For example; specific items belong to a category, have a function, location, size, shape, composition and relationship to other items (e.g. car).

Focal colors are _________________

the bluest blue and the reddest red - most easily named by children.

When it comes to semantic feature, At first the word dog may be understood to apply only to the child's own dog. What will hopefully happen soon after?

the child understands that other creatures may be called dog- as long as they share a small set of critical features. The child's task is to sort out which features are most important for membership in a particular category.

Vocabulary Depth is __________________

the degree of various kinds of word knowledge. The sound and spelling of a word Its morphological structure The types of sentences in which it can occur Its multiple meanings and word associations The situations in which its use is appropriate The origin of its form and meaning(s).

What does IPA stand for?

the international phonetic alphabet.

What is the major constraint on consonant clusters in English?

the major constraint is the fact that a word cannot begin with two stop consonants in a row.

Vocabulary Breadth is _________________

the number of words known

What is phonology?

the study of the distribution and patterning of speech sounds in a language and of the tacit rules governing pronunciation.

What is a referent?

this is a person or thing to which a linguistic expression or other symbol refers.

What is the other primary task?

to be able to extend these concepts to appropriate new instances of the category.

One of the primary tasks in semantic development is to acquire categorical concepts. What is an example of this?

to learn that the word dog refers to a whole class of animals.

True or false: Studies have shown that young children remember fast-mapped words as well as adults.

true

By their second year, most children are using words to ______________________________

understand and communicate, beginning with words that are related to what is important to them, e.g., mommy, daddy, up, juice, blankie.

Define prototypes.

very good examples of concepts,