Chapter 3 + 4 Mastering Biology
What is the size of the smallest object that can be viewed as a distinct, separate object with a light microscope?
0.2 micrometers in diameter
Most human cells contain ______ chromosomes.
46
Many people believe you should consume carbohydrates and proteins in what ratio following a long workout?
4:1
In a hydrolysis reaction, _____. In this process, water is _____.
A polymer breaks up to form monomers ... consumed
What is a characteristic of an organic molecule?
Compounds containing carbon are said to be organic.
A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture _____.
DNA
How does DNA compare to RNA?
DNA and RNA consist of monomers called nucleotides.
______ store the information necessary to produce proteins.
Genes
The endomembrane system includes ________.
Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum
One difference between RNA and DNA?
In RNA uracil is substituted for thymine
A study conducted by the National Institutes of Health on the infectivity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) stated their hypothesis as __________.
MRSA bacteria lacking the ability to produce a protein (PSM) would be less deadly than those producing it
Generally, animals cannot digest the linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cattle get enough nutrients from eating grass?
Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to glucose.
________ are the major lipids of plasma membranes.
Phospholipids
Nucleotides are the building blocks for both types of nucleic acids called....
RNA and DNA
Tobacco smokers (and those exposed to tobacco smoke) are at greater risk of an ectopic (tubal) pregnancy. Based on your understanding of the structures of the cytoskeleton, what is the BEST explanation?
Tobacco interferes with the sweeping motion of cilia that aids in the movement of the egg toward the uterus.
A dehydration reaction is the process in which __________.
Water molecules are formed when polymers are synthesized from monomers
Cellulose is
a carbohydrate composed of many monomers.
What is the smallest entity that exhibits all the characteristics of life?
a cell
The nuclear envelope is composed of ______.
a double membrane
Glycogen is _____.
a polysaccharide found in animals
Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid by _____.
adding hydrogens
Microtubules are associated with ________.
all of the answer choices
What happens to the shape and function of a protein if one of the amino acids is replaced with a different type of amino acid?
altered function based on which acid
The building blocks of proteins are called _____.
amino acids
The primary structure of a protein is like the arrangement of beads on a string. In this analogy, the beads are _____.
amino acids
What are the constituent parts of proteins?
amino acids
a peptide bond binds _____.
amino acids
Some ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol of a cell, whereas other ribosomes _______.
are attached to the outside of the nucleus
A hormone that will be secreted from a cell is manufactured by ribosomes ________.
attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
Which one of the following groups is composed of prokaryotic cells?
bacteria
The electron microscope has been particularly useful in studying bacteria because __________.
bacteria are so small
Over 100 years ago, microbiologist Paul Ehrlich talked about his concept of the ideal antibiotic as a "magic bullet" that could kill harmful bacteria but have minimal side effects for the infected person. How do antibiotics accomplish this goal?
by targeting structures found only in bacterial cells and not the host cells
Cells consume glucose for energy in the process of ...
cell respiration
Which theory states that all living things are composed of cells?
cell theory
Plant cells, unlike animal cells, are characterized by the presence of a ________.
cell wall and a central vacuole
Plant cell walls consist mainly of _____.
cellulose
The polysaccharide called ______ is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells.
cellulose
_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.
cellulose
Which one of the following components of a tossed salad will pass through the human digestive tract with the least digestion?
cellulose (in the lettuce)
A plant cell has a versatile compartment that stores organic nutrients, absorbs water, and contains poisons that protect against plant-eating animals. This compartment is the _____.
central vacuole
In plant cells, ______ may contain organic nutrients, pigments, and poisons.
central vacuoles
Which plant organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?
chloroplast
The structural combination of DNA and protein forms ________.
chromatin
Within the nucleus of a cell, long DNA molecules and associated proteins form fibers called _____.
chromatin
The function of the chloroplast is to __________.
convert light energy to chemical energy
In eukaryotic cells, what name is given to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane?
cytoplasm
the term used to indicate the part of a eukaryotic cell where organelles are suspended in fluid is _____.
cytoplasm
Monomers are connected in a reaction in which two molecules are bonded to each other through the loss of a water molecule; this is called a
dehydration synthesis.
If a cell's lysosomes burst, the cell would ______.
digest itself
Lysosomes are responsible for ______.
digestion of organic matter inside the cell
Which of the following is stored in the lysosomes of the cell?
digestive enzymes
The ability ________ would increase the options for acquiring necessary nutrients.
drink milk from herd animals
The nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles make up the __________.
endomembrane system
A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that __________.
eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotic cells do not
Large proteins, like DNA polymerase and hemoglobin, are often composed of several polypeptides that are linked together. The _____ level of protein structure describes how the polypeptides are joined to create a larger complex.
fourth
Simple sugar molecules are a major _______ for cellular work.
fuel
Sugars are mainly used by our bodies _____.
fuel
A specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is called a _____.
gene
What is the main sugar used by cells for energy?
glucose
What is the primary fuel source for muscles?
glycogen
When mixed with water, phospholipids spontaneously form membranes because they ______.
have hydrophilic phosphate groups that are attracted to water and hydrophobic fatty acid tails that avoid water
One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells ______ prokaryotic cells.
have membrane-enclosed structures called organelles, which are lacking in
A gene is a discrete unit of...
hereditary information
Cellulose contains bonds that cannot be broken by...
human digestive enzymes
Which is the correct term for compounds that do not mix with water?
hydrophilic
A protist that contains contractile vacuoles most likely lives ______.
in fresh water
What hormone is believed to help muscles absorb amino acids?
insulin
Glucose and fructose are
isomers
molecules that share the same chemical composition but differ in their final structures are called
isomers
The most commonly used microscope, which uses visible light to view cells, is called a __________.
light microscope
Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include ________.
lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and drug detoxification
Cholesterol belongs to which class of molecules?
lipids
Based on its function in detoxifying drugs, you would expect to find a large amount of smooth ER in ______ cells.
liver
Tay-Sachs disease results from ______ lacking a specific type of lipid-digesting enzyme.
lysosomes
Information is transferred from the nucleus to ribosomes via ______.
mRNA
glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.
maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis
Rough endoplasmic reticulum appears "rough" because __________.
many ribosomes stud the outside of the ER membrane
Vacuoles are ______.
membranous sacs
Coded genetic information is produced in the nucleus and transferred to the cytoplasm in a molecule called _____.
messenger RNA
Which of the following are the components of the cytoskeleton that help move chromosomes when cells divide?
microtubules
Which of these is a source of lactose?
milk
During a race such as a marathon, the skeletal muscle cells in your legs use a lot of energy to continually contract and power your muscles. What organelle is most likely abundant in skeletal muscle cells?
mitochondria
In addition to the nucleus, which of the following are organelles that contain their own DNA and ribosomes?
mitochondria and chloroplasts
The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane is characterized by __________.
molecules moving freely past one another
A fatty acid containing at least two double bonds is called _____.
monounsaturated
olive oil is a
monounsaturated fat
In some eukaryotic cells, cilia and flagella are motile, cellular appendages that aid the cell in __________.
movement
Residents of Bangladesh are thought to be developing resistance to infection by Vibrio cholera by __________.
natural selection of humans who have mutations in genes that result in cells being less susceptible to the cholera toxin
The characteristic that all lipids have in common is that __________.
none of them dissolve in water
Lipids are _________, causing their solubility in water to be extremely low.
nonpolar
RNA is a
nucleic acid
Which of the following structures manufactures the components of ribosomes?
nucleolus
the building blocks of nucleic acid molecules are called _____.
nucleotides
Many carbohydrates are a source
of energy.
Where does protein synthesis take place?
on ribosomes
A polypeptide is a long chain of amino acids bonded together by __________.
peptide bonds
The concept of a membrane as a fluid mosaic reflects the ability of ______.
phospholipids and most proteins to drift about in the plane of the membrane
Which of the following is a feature of prokaryotic cells but not eukaryotic cells?
pili
You find a cell of a type you have never seen before. The cell has both a nucleus and a cell wall. Therefore, you conclude that it is likely to be a(n) ________ cell.
plant
Mitochondria, the sites of cellular respiration, are found in __________.
plant cells and animal cells
Starch is a storage polysaccharide of
plants
Cellulose is a _____ made of many _____.
polymer ... glucose molecules
a chain of amino acids that have been linked together by dehydration synthesis is called a
polypeptide
Which of these distinguishes a plant cell from an animal cell?
presence of a cell wall
When using a microscope to view cells you obtained from scraping under your fingernails, you notice that the cells lack nuclei; therefore, you conclude that the cells must be a type of ________ cell.
prokaryotic
The extracellular matrix of animal cells ________.
protects and support cells
Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus?
protein modification
The Golgi apparatus mainly functions to modify _____.
proteins
Which of the following are the two main components of cellular membranes?
proteins and phospholipids
Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane?
regulate the traffic of chemicals in and out of the cell
What is the primary site of protein production in a eukaryotic cell?
ribosomes
Cells in the thyroid gland produce and secrete thyroid hormone (a polymer of amino acids) that helps to regulate metabolism. What organelle is most likely abundant in cells of the thyroid gland?
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Your body contains thousands of different types of proteins, each with a specific function. A protein's function is largely determined by its _____.
shape
Lactase breaks down lactose to ________ that can be digested.
smaller sugars
In what polysaccharide form do plants store sugar to be available later for energy?
starch
The complex carbohydrate that you are most likely to have eaten recently is _____.
starch
Cellular respiration can be described as the conversion of the energy ________.
stored in food molecules to energy stored in ATP
The backbone of a nucleic acid consists of alternating ________
sugar and phosphate groups
Similar to the nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria are ________.
surrounded by two membranes
Which of the following parts of a cell is (are) most like the shipping center of a company?
the Golgi apparatus
Which of the following is an adaptation to increase the surface area of a part of a cell that is involved in cellular respiration?
the cristae of a mitochondrion
People with lactose intolerance produce insufficient amounts of _______.
the enzyme, lactase
What is the genetic center of the eukaryotic cell?
the nucleus
Monomers are linked together with...
the removal of a water molecule by dehydration synthesis.
One characteristic shared by sucrose and maltose is _____.
they are disaccharides
A protein's alpha helices and beta sheets fold together to create an overall shape at the _____ level of protein structure.
third
Hydrolysis means
to break water
Why might northern Europeans have evolved lactose tolerance?
to increase options for nutrient intake in an environment with a short growing season
What structures move proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus?
transport vesicles
a disaccharides consists of
two monosaccaraides
Which of the following correctly matches the organelle with its function?
vacuole ... storage
