Chapter 3

What is a marker used to determine the compatibility of a mother's and fetus' blood types?

Rh-factor

The Lamaze method, a method similar to natural childbirth, is also known as ________

prepared childbirth.

The birth process occurs in ______ stages.

three

The outer layer of cells that will eventually provide nutrition and support for the embryo is called the________

trophoblast.

True or false: Drinking one or two servings of beer or wine a few days a week during pregnancy can cause negative effects on the fetus. True false question.

true

Organogenesis takes place primarily during the first ______ months of prenatal development.

two

The postpartum blues is when a new mother begins to feel depressed, anxious, and upset ______ after birth.

two to three days

High maternal stress during pregnancy has been linked with a higher risk of having a child with _____ (4)

-ADHD -cognitive issues -language delay -emotional problems

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to (3)

-Cognitive deficits -Impaired language development -Impaired motor development

Maternal obesity can cause which of the following outcomes? (3)

-Elevated rates of hypertension -Respiratory issues -Diabetes

What are benefits of the Apgar Scale?

-It identifies high-risk infants who need resuscitation. -It is good at assessing the newborn's ability to respond to the stress of delivery and its new environment.

Prenatal exposure to marijuana has been linked to______ and __________

-Premature birth -Low birth weight

Prenatal care often includes which components? (3)

-nutritional services -social services -comprehensive educational services

Specific hazards to the embryo or fetus include which of the following?

-radiation -toxic waste -chemical pollutants

What are possible consequences of maternal cigarette smoking on a developing fetus? (3)

-sudden infant death syndrome -respiratory problems -low birth weight

Which of the following can produce defects in offspring or cause damage during birth? (3)

-syphilis -genital herpes -rubella

In general, prenatal care involves which of the following? -testing for treatable diseases -services for expectant fathers -a defined schedule of visits for medial care -screening for manageable conditions -one appointment a week before birth

-testing for treatable diseases -a defined schedule of visits for medial care -screening for manageable conditions

In what ways does the natural childbirth method attempt to reduce the mother's pain?

-through education -through breathing methods -with relaxation techniques

True or false: Most research of newborns shows that they must have close contact with the mother in the first few days of life to develop emotions.

False

True or false: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that pregnant women consume caffeine on a regular basis.

False

__________ care is a NICU procedure that involves skin-to-skin contact in which the baby, wearing only a diaper, is held upright against the parent's bare chest.

Kangaroo

Which of the following is a childbirth strategy similar to natural childbirth that includes a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor?

Lamaze

______ is an arrangement by which the newborn stays with its mother most of the time during the hospital stay.

Rooming-in

Which of the following would NOT be an aspect of the genetic susceptibility of an embryo or fetus to a teratogen? -The genotype of mother and fetus -The sex of the fetus -Maternal metabolism -The dose of the teratogen

The dose of the teratogen

Which of the following are cases for which early close contact between mother and infant in the hospital may be of particular benefit?

The mother is from disadvantaged circumstances. The mother is a teenager. The infant is preterm.

True or false: Fathers can also experience postpartum depression.

True

True or false: Virtually any drug or chemical substance a pregnant woman ingests can cross the placenta.

True

Interpreting the effect of maternal marijuana use on infants is_____

complicated because mothers who use marijuana are more likely to consume other harmful substances.

Characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood, maternal ______ increases the risk of physical defects in offspring.

diabetes

When a pregnant mother is an adolescent, the mortality rate of the infant ______, as compared to infants born to mothers in their twenties.

doubles

The prenatal stage that begins about two months after conception is the stage_____

fetal

Which of the following is the prenatal period that lasts about seven months?

fetal

The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception is known as the ______ period.

germinal

Prenatal development is divided into what three periods?

germinal embryonic fetal

In most cases, the birth process ______

involves one or more attendants.

A recent study showed that higher support by fathers was related to a(n)

lower rate of postpartum depression.

The middle layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones, and muscles, is called the ______

mesoderm.

A trained health practitioner who helps women during labor, delivery, and afterbirth is best referred to as a _____

midwife.

During the germinal period, the zygote is undergoing rapid ______

mitosis

During prenatal development, what type of cells move to specific locations in the brain and start to become connected?

neurons

According to the U.S. surgeon general, _____ amount of alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy.

no

The process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development is referred to as _____

organogenesis.

The ______ is a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join.

placenta

Some women develop ______, which involves a major depressive episode that typically occurs about four weeks after delivery.

postpartum depression

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development is associated with____

reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference.

Women who plan to have children should be given a blood test before they become pregnant to determine whether they are immune to _____

rubella

When a woman is or might be pregnant she should: ______ (about x-rays)

she should weigh the risks of undergoing an X-ray.

The Apgar Scale evaluates all of the following, EXCEPT size and weight. heart rate. muscle tone. respiratory effort.

size and weight.

When babies are either full term or preterm and their birth weight is below normal for their age, they are called ______ infants.

small for date

Which of the following can cross the placental wall?

small molecules

Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes is referred to as a(n) _____

teratogen

Research indicates that prescription drugs can act as a(n)____________ to the unborn fetus.

teratogen

About 70 percent of new mothers in the United States experience ______, in which they begin to feel depressed, anxious, and upset a few days after birth.

the postpartum blues

Which of the following can result from a baby in breech position? (2)

-Respiratory problems -Cesarean delivery

What might happen if a fetus' blood is Rh-positive and the mother's is Rh-negative?

-Stillbirth, anemia, jaundice, and brain damage might result. -The mother's immune system may produce antibodies that will attack the fetus.

When a pregnant woman experiences intense stress, which of the following can occur?

-Substance abuse -Physiological changes that may affect the fetus -Poor prenatal care

What is true of infants whose mother's have gestational diabetes?(2)

-They are at a higher risk of developing diabetes. -They often have a very high birth weight.

Which of the following treatments are proven to be effective in treating postpartum depression? (3)

-certain antidepressants -regular exercise -psychotherapy

All of the following nutritional factors influence whether or not a baby will be born malformed, EXCEPT -intake of vitamins and minerals. -intake of proteins. -intake of spicy food. -caloric intake.

-intake of spicy food.

For a particular teratogen, the severity of damage to the embryo or fetus and the type of defect are influenced by_______

-time of exposure -genetic susceptibility -the dosage

Approximately how many neurons do babies have when they are born?

100 billion

The embryonic period occurs from _ weeks to _ weeks after conception.

2 to 8

When a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female's fallopian tube, what occurs?

conception

Which of the following refers to a fixed time period very early in development during which certain experiences or events can have long-lasting effects on development?

critical period

The specialization of cells, also known as cell ______, begins the week after conception.

differentiation

Research indicates that a pregnant woman's caffeine intake

does not increase the risk of miscarriage, congenital malformations, or growth retardation.

Once the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall, the mass of cells become known as a(n) _____

embryo.

The probability of a structural defect as the result of exposure to a teratogen is greatest during the early ______ period, when organs are being formed.

embryonic

Fertilization typically takes place in the ______

fallopian tube.

A cluster of abnormalities that may appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy is referred to as _______

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

When a pregnant mother is 35 years of age and older, the risk increases for _____ (3)

fetal death low birth weight preterm delivery

The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall is referred to as _____

implantation.

When a baby's buttocks are the first part to emerge from the vagina during birth, the baby is said to be

in breech position.

Recent research indicates maternal depression during pregnancy is linked to ______

preterm infants.

Sudden infant death syndrome, preterm births and low birth weights, respiratory problems, and cardiovascular problems are more common among the offspring of mothers who ______ during pregnancy.

smoked

Which of the following prescription drugs can function as teratogens?

synthetic estrogen antibiotics acne medications some antidepressants

Teratology is the field of study that investigates ____

the causes of birth defects.

Nutrition and oxygen flow from the placenta to the fetus through the ______ cord.

umbilical