Chapter 3: Anatomy & Physiology

44) DNA transcription is another word for DNA replication.

False

69) Which of these is an inclusion, not an organelle? A) microtubule B) cilia C) melanin D) lysosome

C) melanin

78) In which stage of mitosis do the identical sets of chromosomes line up along the midline or equator of the cell? A) anaphase B) telophase C) metaphase D) prophase

C) metaphase

59) Which of the following structures would aid a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell? A) primary cilia B) flagella C) microvilli D) stereocilia

C) microvilli

45) The glycocalyx is composed of glycolipids, glycoproteins, and cholesterol molecules that are displayed on the outside surface of the plasma membrane.

False

127) List possible causes of aging.

1. chemical insults and free radical formation (wear and tear theory) 2. diminished energy production by free radical-damaged mitochondria 3. progressive disorders in the immune system 4. genetic programming

46) Microfilaments are thin strands of the contractile protein composed of myosin.

False

132) Follow the pathway that a typical protein, destined for exocytosis will make as it passes from the ribosome, into the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In your answer, be sure to describe role that ribosomes play, and the events that take place in the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum.

A new polypeptide is translated at the ribosome and is threaded into the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Within the RER the protein is aided in folding by chaperone proteins and modifications, like the addition of carbohydrates can be made to the protein here. The protein will be placed into a vesicle that will migrate from the RER to the cis-face of the Golgi apparatus.

29) This is an elaborate network of rods and accessory proteins found in the cytosol that support cellular structures and provide the machinery to generate various cell movements, as well as provide the "roads" for vesicular trafficking. A) Cytoskeleton B) Ribosomes C) Peroxisomes D) Nucleus E) Golgi apparatus

A) Cytoskeleton

91) Which of the following will NOT speed up the net rate of diffusion for glucose into a cell? A) Decreasing the number of phospholipids in the plasma membrane. B) Increasing the concentration of glucose outside of the cell. C) Increasing the number of glucose transport proteins within the plasma membrane. D) Decreasing the concentration of glucose within the cell.

A) Decreasing the number of phospholipids in the plasma membrane.

25) Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell. A) Early prophase B) Anaphase C) Telophase D) Metaphase E) Late prophase

A) Early prophase

81) Which organelle is responsible for processing and packaging proteins destined for export from the cell? A) Golgi apparatus B) peroxisomes C) lysosomes D) endoplasmic reticulum

A) Golgi apparatus

105) Colchicine is a drug that can prevent the formation of microtubules. Which is the most likely effect colchicine would have on cell division? A) It will arrest mitosis by preventing the formation of spindle microtubules. B) It would have little or no effect on mitosis. C) It will enhance mitosis by moving chromosome toward the spindle equator. D) It would delay mitosis by preventing S phase.

A) It will arrest mitosis by preventing the formation of spindle microtubules.

100) A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions move through the transport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. Which of the following would stop transport of glucose through this transport protein? A) Stopping the activity of the sodium potassium pump. B) Lowering the energy of activation. C) Increasing the concentration of glucose outside of the cell. D) Increasing the number of digestive enzymes in the digestive tract.

A) Stopping the activity of the sodium potassium pump.

17) Attaches the correct amino acid to its transfer RNA. A) Synthetase enzymes B) Ribosomal RNA C) ATP D) Messenger RNA E) Transfer RNA

A) Synthetase enzymes

88) If a human cell were to increase the amount of cholesterol embedded within its plasma membrane, which of the following would most likely happen? A) The plasma membrane would become more stable, less fluid, and less permeable. B) The cell would form a plaque that could potentially block a blood vessel. C) The plasma membrane would become more fluid and the phospholipids less stable. D) The plasma membrane would become more permeable to ions and less permeable to lipids.

A) The plasma membrane would become more stable, less fluid, and less permeable.

31) Help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells. A) Tight junctions B) Desmosomes C) Gap junctions

A) Tight junctions

84) Crenation (shrinking) is likely to occur in blood cells immersed in ________. A) a hypertonic solution B) blood plasma C) a hypotonic solution D) an isotonic solution

A) a hypertonic solution

68) The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of pinwheel array of 9 triplets of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. This structure is a ________. A) centriole B) ribosome C) chromosome D) centrosome

A) centriole

66) Which of the following would NOT be a constituent of a plasma membrane? A) messenger RNA B) glycolipids C) glycoproteins D) phospholipids

A) messenger RNA

103) Myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) must rhythmically contract for a lifetime. This requires a considerable amount of energy production by the cells. You would expect to see a relatively high amount of which organelle in these cells? A) mitochondria B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) cytoskeleton D) lysosomes

A) mitochondria

64) Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein? A) molecular transport through the membrane B) oxygen transport C) forms a lipid bilayer D) circulating antibody

A) molecular transport through the membrane

92) The lungs deliver a regular supply of oxygen to the blood, which is in turn circulated to most all the cells of the body. At the same time oxygen is consumed during aerobic cellular respiration within these cells. This implies that ________. A) oxygen will passively diffuse into the cells B) the concentration gradient for oxygen is steepness inside of the cell C) the rate of oxygen diffusion is independent of concentration D) oxygen requires active transport to enter most cells

A) oxygen will passively diffuse into the cells

54) Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages? A) phagocytosis B) intracellular vesicular trafficking C) exocytosis D) pinocytosis

A) phagocytosis

94) If active transport establishes a concentration gradient with the use of ATP, then the concentration gradient can be looked at as ________. A) potential energy that can be harnessed when molecules passively diffuse down the concentration gradient B) unwanted pressure that will be alleviated by channel mediated facilitated diffusion C) an unusable byproduct of active transport that will simply diffuse away D) a byproduct of active transport that will be alleviated by pinocytosis

A) potential energy that can be harnessed when molecules passively diffuse down the concentration gradient

57) A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________. A) swell and burst B) neither shrink nor swell C) shrink D) swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached

A) swell and burst

55) In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________. A) the smooth ER B) the cytoplasm C) the rough ER D) both smooth and rough ER

A) the smooth ER

58) Which of the following describes the plasma membrane? A) a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell B) a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell C) a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae D) a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma

B) a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell

73) Passive membrane transport processes include ________. A) the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration B) movement of a substance down its concentration gradient C) movement of water from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low concentration D) consumption of ATP

A) the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration

22) Chromosomal centromeres split and chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell. A) Early prophase B) Anaphase C) Telophase D) Metaphase E) Late prophase

B) Anaphase

80) Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"? A) Second messengers usually inactivate protein kinase enzymes. B) Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers. C) Second messengers act through receptors called K-proteins. D) Second messengers usually act to remove nitric oxide (NO) from the cell.

B) Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers.

32) Type of anchoring junction. A) Tight junctions B) Desmosomes C) Gap junctions

B) Desmosomes

35) Abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress. A) Tight junctions B) Desmosomes C) Gap junctions

B) Desmosomes

65) Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA? A) rRNA is always attached to the rough ER. B) Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis. C) There is exactly one specific type of mRNA for each amino acid. D) If the base sequence of DNA is ATTGCA, the messenger RNA template will be UCCAGU.

B) Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis.

15) Forms part of the subunits for the protein synthesizing organelle. A) Synthetase enzymes B) Ribosomal RNA C) ATP D) Messenger RNA E) Transfer RNA

B) Ribosomal RNA

20) May be attached to the ER or scattered in the cytoplasm. A) Synthetase enzymes B) Ribosomal RNA C) ATP D) Messenger RNA E) Transfer RNA

B) Ribosomal RNA

27) The organelle that facilitates peptic bond formation between amino acids. A) Cytoskeleton B) Ribosomes C) Peroxisomes D) Nucleus E) Golgi apparatus

B) Ribosomes

86) If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) ________ mRNA codon A) UCG B) TCG C) UGA D) AUG

B) TCG

60) Which of the following statements is correct regarding net diffusion? A) The lower the temperature, the faster the rate. B) The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate. C) The rate is independent of temperature. D) Molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate.

B) The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate.

117) What processes maintain a steady state "resting" membrane potential?

Both diffusion and active transport mechanisms operate within the cell membrane to maintain a resting membrane potential.

83) A gene can best be defined as ________. A) noncoding segments of DNA up to 100,000 nucleotides long B) a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain C) a three-base triplet that specifies a particular amino acid D) an RNA messenger that codes for a particular polypeptide

B) a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain

99) A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions move through the transport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. This transport protein would best be described as ________. A) a channel B) a symporter C) a pump D) a carrier protein

B) a symporter

82) The functions of centrioles include ________. A) providing a whiplike beating motion to move substances along cell surfaces B) organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division C) producing ATP D) serving as the site for ribosomal RNA synthesis

B) organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division

95) Which of the following would NOT be restricted (limited) by low levels of ATP? A) pinocytosis B) osmosis C) exocytosis D) phagocytosis

B) osmosis

96) A cell engulfing a relatively large particle will likely utilize ________. A) pinocytosis B) phagocytosis C) receptor-mediated endocytosis D) exocytosis

B) phagocytosis

74) Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? A) steroid-based hormone synthesis B) protein synthesis in conjunction with ribosomes C) lipid metabolism and cholesterol synthesis D) breakdown of stored glycogen to form free glucose

B) protein synthesis in conjunction with ribosomes

72) Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells? A) secondary active transport B) receptor-mediated endocytosis C) phagocytosis D) pinocytosis

B) receptor-mediated endocytosis

98) If a cell is selectively reducing the concentration of a particular enzyme in the extracellular fluid it will likely utilize ________. A) exocytosis B) receptor-mediated endocytosis C) phagocytosis D) pinocytosis

B) receptor-mediated endocytosis

56) The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation is ________. A) mRNA B) tRNA C) ssRNA D) rRNA

B) tRNA

134) Compare a gap junction to a channel protein, how are they alike and how are the different?

Both allow ions and small molecules to pass through by diffusion. However, gap junctions are embedded within in the plasma membranes of two neighboring cells. The alignment and connection of the gap junctions between the neighboring cells allows the passage of ions and small molecules directly from one cell into another.

18) Provides the energy needed for synthesis reactions A) Synthetase enzymes B) Ribosomal RNA C) ATP D) Messenger RNA E) Transfer RNA

C) ATP

102) When tissues are injured or infected, chemical signals can be released that affect the plasma membrane of cells that line the nearby blood vessels. These blood vessels' cells (endothelial cells) respond to the chemical signals by displaying a type of glycoproteins on their surface. These proteins will attach to circulating white blood cells bringing them to the site of injury or infection. These glycoproteins would best be described as ________. A) transport proteins B) desmosomes C) Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) D) G-proteins

C) Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)

33) Allows ions and small molecules to pass through from one cell to another. A) Tight junctions B) Desmosomes C) Gap junctions

C) Gap junctions

34) Present in electrically excitable tissues. A) Tight junctions B) Desmosomes C) Gap junctions

C) Gap junctions

28) This organelle contains oxidases and catalases. A) Cytoskeleton B) Ribosomes C) Peroxisomes D) Nucleus E) Golgi apparatus

C) Peroxisomes

79) Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure? A) Phospholipids consist of a polar head and a nonpolar tail made of three fatty acid chains. B) All proteins associated with the cell membrane are contained in a fluid layer on the outside of the cell. C) Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules. D) The lipid bilayer is a solid at body temperature, thus protecting the cell.

C) Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules.

101) Which of the following would NOT assist in establishing a resting membrane potential? A) Selective diffusion allowing fewer positively charged ions to diffuse into the cell. B) Selective diffusion allowing more positively charged ions to diffuse out of the cell. C) Selective diffusion allowing more uncharged particles into the cell. D) Having greater concentration of glycolipids on the outside surface of the membrane.

C) Selective diffusion allowing more uncharged particles into the cell.

21) Chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin. A) Early prophase B) Anaphase C) Telophase D) Metaphase E) Late prophase

C) Telophase

53) Which of the following is FALSE regarding the membrane potential? A) The resting membrane potential is determined mainly by the concentration gradients and differential permeability of the plasma membrane to K+ and Na+ ions. B) In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential. C) The resting membrane potential is maintained solely by passive transport processes. D) The resting membrane potential occurs due to active transport of ions across the membrane due to the sodium-potassium pump.

C) The resting membrane potential is maintained solely by passive transport processes.

71) If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA? A) ACGTT B) GUACC C) UGCAA D) TGCAA

C) UGCAA

76) Peroxisomes ________. A) sometimes function as secretory vesicles B) function to digest particles ingested by endocytosis C) are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action D) are functionally the same as lysosomes

C) are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action

93) The movement of water across the plasma membrane can be described by all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) facilitated diffusion through aquaporins B) passive membrane transport C) carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion D) simple diffusion

C) carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

67) Mitosis ________. A) is the formation of sex cells B) is always a part of the cell cycle C) is division of the genetic material within the nucleus D) creates diversity in genetic potential

C) is division of the genetic material within the nucleus

97) If a cell is non-selectively engulfing samples of extracellular fluid, for example to absorb nutrients, it will likely utilize ________. A) phagocytosis B) receptor-mediated endocytosis C) pinocytosis D) exocytosis

C) pinocytosis

85) Some hormones enter cells via ________. A) exocytosis B) primary active transport C) receptor-mediated endocytosis D) pinocytosis

C) receptor-mediated endocytosis

138) Your patient has a respiratory disease that has literally paralyzed the cilia. Explain why this patient would be at an increased risk for a respiratory infection.

Ciliated cells that live in the respiratory tract propel mucus, laden with dust particles and bacteria, upward and away from the lungs. If the cilia are paralyzed, bacteria remain in the lungs and may cause infection.

48) Aquaporins are believed to be present in red blood cells and kidney tubules, but not in any other cells in the body.

False

108) ________ is the division of the cytoplasmic mass into two parts.

Cytokinesis

87) Which of the following is NOT one of the concepts collectively known as the cell theory? A) Cells only arise from other cells. B) The cell is the smallest unit of life. C) All organisms are made of one or more cells. D) All cells must be motile and divide.

D) All cells must be motile and divide.

104) Beta cells in the pancreas produce and secrete the protein hormone insulin. You would expect to see a relatively large amount of which organelles in these cells? A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes B) cytoskeleton, and peroxisomes C) mitochondria, and cilia D) Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum

D) Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum

19) Produced in the nucleus, this molecule specifies the exact sequence of amino acids of the protein to be made. A) Synthetase enzymes B) Ribosomal RNA C) ATP D) Messenger RNA E) Transfer RNA

D) Messenger RNA

24) Chromosomes align on the spindle equator. A) Early prophase B) Anaphase C) Telophase D) Metaphase E) Late prophase

D) Metaphase

30) The vast majority of the cell's genetic material is housed here. A) Cytoskeleton B) Ribosomes C) Peroxisomes D) Nucleus E) Golgi apparatus

D) Nucleus

62) If cells are placed in a hypotonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen? A) The cells will shrink at first, but will later reach equilibrium with the surrounding solution and return to their original condition. B) The cells will lose water and shrink. C) The cells will show no change due to diffusion of both solute and solvent. D) The cells will swell and ultimately burst.

D) The cells will swell and ultimately burst.

89) Cancerous cells can divide so rapidly that they will often produce a glycocalyx that is different than the other cells in the body. This may result in ________. A) the cancer cells conserving energy for more growth B) allowing the cancer cells to bind to their healthy, neighboring cells C) a decrease in the permeability of the tumor cell's plasma membrane preventing the uptake of chemotherapy drugs D) cells of the immune system recognizing the tumorous cells as foreign and destroying them

D) cells of the immune system recognizing the tumorous cells as foreign and destroying them

63) Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to ________. A) the presence or absence of ubiquitins B) specific tRNAs C) specific codes from the DNA D) changes in the environment

D) changes in the environment

75) Mitochondria ________ A) are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP B) contain digestive enzymes called acid hydrolyses C) synthesize proteins for use outside the cell D) contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function

D) contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function

61) In a tissue type that undergoes a relatively great deal of mechanical stress, like the tissue that lines the intestine, you would expect to see an abundance of ________ between the individual cells of the tissue. A) gap junctions B) tight junctions C) connexons D) desmosomes

D) desmosomes

90) The myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) undergoes a significant amount of physical stress due to 90) its contractions. You would expect to see relatively large numbers of which of the following embedded within their plasma membrane? A) tight junctions B) transport proteins C) glycolipids D) desmosomes

D) desmosomes

70) Which of the following is NOT a factor that binds cells together? A) wavy contours of the membranes of adjacent cells B) special membrane junctions C) glycoproteins in the glycocalyx D) glycolipids in the glycocalyx

D) glycolipids in the glycocalyx

77) Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes? A) digesting particles taken in by endocytosis B) degrading worn-out or nonfunctional organelles C) breaking down bone to release calcium ions into the blood D) help in the formation of cell membranes

D) help in the formation of cell membranes

50) Telomeres are the regions of chromosomes that code for the protein ubiquitin.

False

26) This organelle modifies, concentrates, and packages the proteins and lipids made at the RER for domestic use or export. A) Cytoskeleton B) Ribosomes C) Peroxisomes D) Nucleus E) Golgi apparatus

E) Golgi apparatus

23) Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate. A) Early prophase B) Anaphase C) Telophase D) Metaphase E) Late prophase

E) Late prophase

16) A molecule that binds to a specific codon and specific amino acid simultaneously. A) Synthetase enzymes B) Ribosomal RNA C) ATP D) Messenger RNA E) Transfer RNA

E) Transfer RNA

42) DNA replication requires an enzyme called RNA polymerase and results in a semi-conserved new molecule of DNA.

False

130) What are cell exons and introns?

Exons are amino acid-specifying informational sequences in genes. Introns are noncoding gene segments that provide a reservoir of ready-to-use DNA segments for genome evolution and a source of a large variety of RNA molecules.

40) Phagocytosis is used by the cells to secrete intracellular substances to the outside of the cell.

False

41) Osmosis is the passive movement of water, but it follows almost completely opposite laws of physics when compared to the diffusion of ions or other small particles.

False

135) A patient was admitted to the hospital for severe dehydration. Explain what changes occur in extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments during dehydration.

Fluid volume deficit occurs when the body loses both water and electrolytes from the extracellular fluid compartment. Fluid is initially lost from the intravascular compartment (blood). Then fluid is drawn from the interstitial compartment into the intravascular compartment, depleting the interstitial compartment. To compensate for the decreased volume, the body then draws intracellular fluid out of the cells. This could lead to collapse and death.

122) How are the products of free ribosomes different from membrane-bound ribosomes?

Free ribosomes make soluble proteins that function in the cytosol. Membrane-bound ribosomes produce proteins that are to be used on the cell membrane or exported from the cell.

124) Briefly name the subphases of interphase and tell what they do.

G0 - resting phase. The cells do not undergo mitosis in this phase. G1 - growth phase. The cell is metabolically active and the centriole begins to divide at the end of this phase. S - DNA replicates itself. New histones are made and assembled into chromatin. G2 - Enzymes and proteins are synthesized and centriole replication is completed. This is the final phase of interphase.

120) In all living cells hydrostatic and osmotic pressures exist. Define these pressures and explain how they are used in the concept of tonicity of the cell.

Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of water exerted on the cell membrane. Osmotic pressure is created by different concentrations of molecules in a solution separated by the cell membrane. Because these pressures are exerted on the membrane they can be used by the cell to change the shape of the cell, regulate substances entering and exiting the cell, and change the osmolarity of the cell.

137) At the age of 6 months, Caleb was diagnosed with Tay-Sachs disease. As his primary care physician, what would you tell his parents about this disease?

It is an inherited condition where various chemicals are broken down in the brain by a cell organelle called the lysosome. Unfortunately, because of the buildup of undigested nerve cell lipids, the symptoms of listlessness and motor weakness will progress to mental retardation, seizures, blindness, and ultimately death.

126) How is the resting potential formed? How is it maintained?

It is formed by diffusion-limited concentration differences of ions resulting in ionic imbalances that polarize the membrane. It is maintained by active transport processes.

140) Research shows that neurofibrillary tangles associated with the disintegration of microtubules are the primary cause of Alzheimer's disease. If microtubules disintegrate, what then might happen to brain cells?

Microtubules determine cell shape and intracellular movement. They are dynamic organelles constantly growing from the centrosome, dissembling, and then reassembling. Without microtubules, the elongated brain cell might either lose shape or lose its ability to move materials from end to end and keep its distant parts well-supplied and alive. Loss of signal followed by cell death result.

121) Other than the nucleus, which organelle has its own DNA?

Mitochondria

129) Why can we say that cells are protein factories?

Most of the metabolic machinery of the cell is involved in protein synthesis since structural proteins constitute most of the dry cell material and functional proteins direct all cellular activities.

116) Are random moments of particles, diffusion, and osmosis seen only in living tissue?

No. Because they are passive processes that do not require energy, they can occur in the absence of any cellular processes.

139) Describe the difference in cell division between normal cells and cancer cells.

Normal cells divide in two distinct events-mitosis and cytokinesis which are well-controlled. Cancer cells divide wildly, with uncontrollable mechanisms and defective mitosis, sometimes ending in unequal chromosome sets, which makes them dangerous to their host. Additionally, the cancer cells are non-functioning (useless) cells.

118) Briefly describe the glycocalyx and its functions.

The glycocalyx is the sticky, carbohydrate-rich area on the cell surface. It helps bind cells together and provides a highly specific biological marker by which cells can recognize each other.

123) How are peroxisomes different from lysosomes?

Peroxisomes contain oxidases that use oxygen to detoxify harmful substances. They are very good at neutralizing free radicals. Peroxisomes directly bud from the ER. Lysosomes contain powerful hydrolytic enzymes that will pretty much destroy anything they come in contact with. They are manufactured by the Golgi apparatus.

109) The phase of a cell life cycle in which the DNA is replicated is called ________.

S phase of interphase

136) Your patient is sitting in your office for a pre-operative appointment and asks you why he will be given a saline IV rather than one containing pure sterile water. What is your response?

Saline contains solutes that make it isotonic or equivalent to the blood in his body. If he were given pure water instead, the lack of solutes would push water into the cells causing them to burst. Saline is a better choice because it mimics blood components.

119) If a sequence of nucleotides on one strand of DNA is CCGATT, what would the complementary sequence look like on the other strand?

The complementary strand would be GGCTAA since C bonds with G and A bonds with T.

36) Each daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has exactly the same genetic composition.

True

37) Apoptosis is programmed cell death; cancer cells do not undergo this process.

True

38) Introns represent a genome scrap yard that provides DNA segments for genome evolution and a variety of small RNA molecules.

True

39) Enzymes and proteins needed for cell division are synthesizes and put into place during G2 phase.

True

43) Dividing cells must pass through the phases of mitosis in the following order: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

True

47) Interstitial fluid represents one type of extracellular material.

True

131) What are lipid rafts? What are their functions?

They are assemblies of saturated phospholipids associated with sphingolipids and cholesterol. They are concentrating platforms for molecules needed for cell signaling.

49) Microtubules are hollow tubes made of subunits of the protein tubulin.

True

51) The speed of individual particle diffusion is influenced by temperature and particle size, not by concentration.

True

52) Concentration differences cause ionic imbalances that polarize the cell membrane, and active transport processes.

True

114) Describe two important functions of the Golgi apparatus.

To modify, sort, and package proteins.

133) Describe the events that take place within the Golgi apparatus to a protein that is destined for secretion by the cell into the extracellular fluid.

Within the Golgi apparatus, further modifications of the protein can take place, like the addition of phosphate groups. The folded and processes protein will then be "tagged" and sent by vesicle from the trans-face of the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane for exocytosis.

115) Why can we say that a cell without a nucleus will ultimately die?

Without a nucleus, a cell cannot make proteins, nor can it replace any enzymes or other cell structures (which are continuously recycled). Additionally, such a cell could not replicate.

107) Water may move through membrane pores constructed by transmembrane proteins called ________.

aquaporins

128) What factors contribute to the fragility of the lysosome and subsequent cell autolysis?

cell injury, cell oxygen deprivation, presence of excessive amounts of vitamin A in the cell

112) The process of discharging particles from inside a cell to the outside is called ________.

exocytosis

113) A red blood cell would swell if its surrounding solution were ________.

hypotonic

110) Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the ________.

mitochondria

125) What are nucleolar organizer regions?

nuclear regions containing the DNA that issues genetic instructions for synthesizing ribosomal RNA

111) The most common intracellular cation is ________.

potassium

106) The RNA that has an anticodon and attaches to a specific amino acid is ________ RNA.

transfer