Chapter 3 and 4 nutrition

How much milk can most individuals with decreased lactase production tolerate?

1/2 to 1 cup

how many ounces of whole grains do you need a day

3 or more

Linda has been experiencing some problems with bowel regularity. She saw a commercial for a yogurt with added probiotics that claims to aid with digestion and alleviate bowel problems. What is a probiotic?

A probiotic contains specific types of bacteria that are intended to colonize the large intestine and thereby improve intestinal tract health.

a prediabetic is someone with a

HbA1c between 5.7% to 6.4T%, blood glucose from 100-125

The stomach produces an important substance called ____ that is important for the absorption of vitamin B-12.

Intrinsic factor

Linda has heard that the acidic environment of the stomach is similar to that of a car battery. If the stomach is so acidic, why doesn't the acid eat away at the stomach lining and cause holes in the stomach?

The stomach is lined with a layer of mucus that protects it.

fructose

a monosaccharide; sometimes known as fruit sugar

Soft Drinks and dairy desserts are major sources of ____ in the American Diet

added sugars and calories

two broad classes of sweeteners

alternative and nutritive

Aspartame is an alternative sweetener made of two _____ acids (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and methanol.

amino

Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch

amylose

which of the following are examples of polysaccharides

amylose, cellulose, amylopectin

which of the following are sub groups of vegetables

beans and peas, dark green vegetables, starchy vegetables, red and orange vegetables

A moistened mass of food swallowed from the oral cavity into the pharynx is called a

bolus

for grain to be considered a whole grain, the grain must contain the germ, endosperm, and _____

bran

In the stomach, food becomes a watery mixture that leaves the stomach a teaspoon at a time into the small intestine and is called

chyme

wheat

contains high amounts of gluten which enables bakers to create risen bread

Soluble fiber ____ the absorption of cholesterol & cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood.

decreases

Linda has had several family members die from heart disease-related complications. She realizes she is at high risk for cardiovascular disease, and some of this risk is attributable to her genetic makeup. All of the following are genetic variations that may increase heart disease risk EXCEPT

eating a diet high in saturated and trans fat.

Located near the throat, the ____ is the flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea.

epiglottis

The ____ is a long tube in the GI tract that connects the throat with the stomach.

esophagus

The primary nutrient that bile is responsible for digesting and absorbing is

fat

high fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol levels because

fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver, and soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract causing it to be excreted

Bile is stored and concentrated in the

gallbladder

A term that refers to the stomach is

gastric

Most of the fructose consumed in the diet is converted to _____ (another monosaccharide) in the liver.

glucose

barely

highest in fiber, very slow cooking

glucagon

increases blood glucose levels

The stomach produces an important substance called ____ that is important for the absorption of vitamin B-12.

intrinsic factor

name the disaccharide known as milk sugar

lactose

non-soluble fibers

lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose

Bile is necessary for some nutrient digestion and absorption; bile is produced in the

liver

Muscular contractions occurring throughout the GI tract that move food along are collectively called

peristalsis

The throat is otherwise known as the _____, an organ that is located at the back of the oral and nasal cavities.

pharynx

which type of carbohydrate is formed by linking many (hundreds) of glucose units together

polysaccharides

If you do not consume adequate carbs, what other dietary components can supply energy?

protein and fat

primary function of carbs

provide energy

At the base of the stomach is the ____ which controls the rate at which food leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine.

pyloric sphincter

At the base of the stomach is the______, which controls the rate at which food leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine.

pyloric sphincter

whole grains

quinoa, wheat, corn, barley, whole wheat flower, oatmeal, bulgur

Quinoa

rich in high-quality protein, this is a small white colored round grain

where do enzymes break down the disaccharides sucrose, lactose, and maltose into monosaccharides glucose, fructose, and galactose?

small intestine

pectins, gums, and mucilages are classified as ___ fibers

soluble (viscous)

sugar alcohol

sorbitol

Bicarbonate is a base that neutralizes the acidity of chyme as it moves from the

stomach to the small intestine.

which alternative sweetener is good for cooking because it doesn't break down under high heat conditions

sucralose

The liver and muscles are major storage sites for glycogen

true

Key nutrients provided by dairy products include

vitamin D, calcium, potassium, protein

1/2 of our grains should come from

whole grains

according to the food and nutrition board, carbs should provide _____% of total calories in the diet

45-65%

in metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?

blood pressure, triglycerides, fasting glucose, large waste circumference

which of the following contains essentially no carbs?

butter, eggs, beef

Which of the following are appropriate uses of aspartame

can't use it in baking products but diet soft drinks , sugar free chewing gum, and sugar free strawberry preserves

Name the major monosaccharide found in the body.

glucose

corn

known for its sweet flavor

___, or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together

maltose

Glucagon and insulin are two hormones that regulate glucose levels and both are produced in the

pancreas

the main function of glucose is to

supply energy

when bacteria in the mouth break down ____, they produce acids that dissolve tooth enamel, leading to dental caries

carbs

a diet excessively high in ___ may decrease the absorption of essential minerals zinc and iron

fiber

glycogen in a branched structure comprised of many ___ units bonded together

glucose

which monosaccharide are components of the milk sugar lactose?

glucose and galactose

examples of simple sugars

glucose, fructose, galactose

The advantage of the branched structure of ____ is that it allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure and break it apart quickly

glycogen

because of its low cost, shelf stability, and desirable food properties, ___ is used in the manufacture of many processed foods including soft drinks, condiments, and snack foods

high fructose corn syrup

_____ is a disaccharide important in the formation of alcoholic beverages.

maltose

There are a number of important secretions and products made in the digestive tract. Drag the description of the secretion or digestive product to its correct classification.

mucus: serves as a protective lining for digestive tract organs enzymes: promotes digestion of nutrients into components that are small enough for absorption Bile: Helps fat digestion by suspending fat in water in the small intestine Bicarbonate: neutralizes stomach acid when it reaches to the small intestine

What are some natural food sources of sucrose?

sugar beets and maple sugar

The digestive system not only processes the foods we eat but it is also the site of some nutrient production. Which two nutrients are produced by bacteria that live in the large intestine?

vitamin k and biotin