Chapter 3 BIO 260
protein molecules proceed through several organelles between the time they are produced and when they are secreted from the cell. place these organelles in the order through which the proteins pass starting from where they are produced at the top
1: rough endoplasmic reticulum 2: golgi apparatus 3: cell membrane
the difference between active and passive transport is that active mechanisms use
ATP
the nucleus contains___________, which directs all cell activities
DNA
which event occurs during S phase of interphase
DNA replication
Na+-K+ pumps true
Na+-K+ pumps are active forms of transport Na+-K+ pumps consume about half of your daily energy expenditure Na+-K+ pumps move 2 molecules of K+ toward the ICF per cycle Na+-K+ pumps are enzymes that hydrolyze ATP in ADP and Pi
which of the following correctly describes the structural organization of the cell membrane
a bilayer of phospholipid molecules in which protein molecules are embedded and can move
in phagocytosis
a cell membrane engulfs solid particles.
every cell in the body
has varying amounts of components
a(n) ________ protein is a type of compact or globular protein that spans the cell membrane
integral
what are three parts of cytoskeleton
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
the cell membrane is composed mostly of a bilayer of __________
phospholipids
what type of cells retains the ability to divide repeatedly into any type of cell, thus allowing the body to repair and grow
stem cell
Cytoplasm is located between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope
true
Like mitosis, apoptosis is a continuous stepwise process.
true
osmosis is the diffusion of
water
place in order the sequence of events that occur during phagocytosis starting at the beginning on the top
1: an engulfed particle is enclosed within a vesicle 2: a vesicle detaches from the cell's surface and moves into the cell's interior 3: vesicle-lysosome fusion occurs 4: digestive lysosomal enzymes decompose vesicle contents 5: products of intracellular digestion diffuse into the cytoplasm 6: residues are expelled outside through exocytosis
how many chromosomes are in each new cell after mitotic divisions
2 sets of 23 chromosomes 46 chromosomes
about how many cells constitute the body of an adult
50 to 100 trillion
The cellular abnormality that causes cystic fibrosis is
abnormal chloride channels that trap salt inside cells lining the lung passageways
what is the meaning og the prefix "hyper-"
above
in ______ transport, substances are moved across a membrane against the concentration gradient
active
interphase is a(n) ________ phase in the cycle
active
the source of energy for __________ transport mechanisms is cellular energy
active
specialized cells in the body have ________ the genes and express _____ of them
all; some
moving down a concentration gradient is the movement from
an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
what is a stem cell
an undifferentiated cell that can divide
indicate characteristics of vesicles
are membranous sacs contain substances that have just entered the cell contain substances that have been produced by other organelles
what is a centromeme
attaches two sister chromatids
what is the meaning of the prefix "hypo-"
below
what molecule(s) should be able to pass directly through the cell membrane
carbon dioxide oxygen
which of the following is the correct meaning of the prefix "cyt-"
cell
the series of changes that a cell undergoes from the time it forms until the time it finishes dividing is called
cell cycle
the term that describes the series of changes that a cell undergoes, including its growth and division is
cell cycle
components of the cellular structure called the __________ include phospholipids, carbohydrates, proteins and cholesterol
cell membrane
what organelle plays a role in the distribution of chromosomes during cell division
centriole
ion ___________- protein structures that permit ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, or chloride to cross the membrane
channels
_____________ functions to stabilize the cell membrane, increase the hydrophobicity of the interior of the cell membrane, and plays a role in the flexibility of the membrane
cholesterol
the material in the nucleus called ________ is composed of protein and DNA; it contains information to guide synthesis of proteins and it condenses into chromosomes during cell division
chromatin
what occurs during prophase
chromatin coils up into chromosomes; spindle fibers forms the nucleus and nucleolus disappear
multiple hairlike, motile extensions called _______ are attached to basal bodies; they wave, moving fluids across cell surfaces
cilia
salt is placed in a glass of water. slowly the salt begins to even out in concentration due to what factor
concentration gradient
the three main stages of the cell cycle are interphase, mitosis, and _________
cytokinesis
the three major difference of a cell are the nucleus,_______, and cell membrane
cytoplasm
What occurs during cytokinesis?
cytoplasm is divided between cells cell membrane constricts around center of the cell
cytoplasm contains protein rods and tubules that form a structural framework called the
cytoskeleton
what is found in cytoplasm
cytoskeleton organelles cytosol
the liquid portion of cytoplasm is called
cytosol
cells with specialized characteristics are called
differentiated
the process of specialization by a cell is called
differentiation
the process that occurs due to the random movement of atoms, molecules, or ions in air or liquid, from areas of higher concentrations to areas of lower concentrations is known as
diffusion
match each mechanism with its definition
diffusion: movement of molecules through the bilayer and down a concentration gradient osmosis: movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane towards a solution with greater osmotic pressure endocytosis: the process of the cell taking particles in with use of a vesicle exocytosis: the process of the cell releasing contents from a vesicle to outside the cell active transport: movement of molecule against the concentration gradient with the use of a protein pump
determine whether the different types of transport require cellular energy or not
do not require cellular energy: diffusion; filtration; osmosis require cellular energy: endocytosis; active transport
the type of active transport mechanism in which large molecules or particles are conveyed by a vesicle into the cell is known as
endocytosis
what transport mechanisms are classified as active mechanisms
endocytosis exocytosis active transport
the ______ is an organelle composed of interconnected membrane-bound sacs that provide a transport system and an attachment for ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
Stem cells taken from a person to be used to treat a disease in that same person come from
existing cell population or reprogrammed cells
ions that use specific protein channels in the membrane use a process called ______to move down their concentration gradient across the plasma membrane
facilitated diffusion
ions that use specific protein channels in the membrane use a process called____________ to move down their concentration gradient across the plasma membrane
facilitated diffusion
the passive transport mechanism in which molecules or ions move via carrier proteins from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration is called
facilitated diffusion
Transcytosis combines diffusion and active transport.
false
cell division consists of mitosis and cell differentiation
false
during interphase, a cell rests
false
energy is stored in ATP molecules in ribosomes
false
smooth endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes and rough endoplasmic does not
false
true or false: interphase is the resting stage and therefore no cellular activity takes place
false; a lot of cellular activity is taking place during interphase
true or false: both facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion require no carrier to move molecules across the membrane
false; facilitated diffusion requires a carrier while simple diffusion requires no carrier
the passive transport mechanism in which small solutes are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure is known as
filtration
the passive transport mechanism in which small solutes are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure is now as
filtration
determine which describe relates to cilia and which relates to flagella
flagella: usually only one longer function to move the cell in the body cilia: multiple on one cell shorter function to move substance across the cell surface
the molecules within the cell membrane that function in cell recognition are the
glycoproteins
sometimes described as a "shipping center", this organelle functions in packaging protein molecules for transport and secretion from the cell into the extracellular environment. which organelle is this
golgi apparatus
what is the term given to the difference in concentration of particles from one area to another
gradient
which of the following would increase the diffusion rate
higher temperture
the movement of molecules through a membrane by filtration requires
hydrostatic pressure
what is the force behind filtration
hydrostatic pressure
in filtration, a solution is pushed through a membrane by a force called_____. this is a(n) _________ transport mechanism
hydrostatic pressure; passive
if cells replaced in a solution shrivel up, the solution is
hypertonic
a nucleolus is found ________ and function to ___________
in the nucleus; produce ribosomes
determine whether each factor would increase or decrease the rate of diffusion
increase rate of diffusion: shorter distance; higher temperature; larger concentration gradient decrease rate of diffusion : longer distance; smaller concentration gradient; lower temperature
which prefix means "between"? for example, the phase between the end of one cell division and the beginning of the next
inter-
Chromosomes duplicate during
interphase
the phase that begins after cytokinesis and ends at prophase is called
interphase
the segment of the cell called ________ is subdivided into the G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase
interphase
endocytosis takes particles ________ the cell bh using _________
into; vesicles
ions are hydrophilic, and therefore cannot cross the plasma membrane without help from what structure(s)
ion channels; integral proteins
transmembrane integral proteins that act as pores or channels allow what type of molecule(s) to cross the cell membrane
ions; water
what are the characteristics of chromatin
is made of protein and DNA condenses into chromosomes during cell division
red blood cells are placed in a solution of 0.9% NaCl and no diffusion or osmosis is observed. this means that the solution is
isotonic
a cell surrounded by an extremely thin, flexible membrane. why is the membrane selectively permeable
it allows some substances to pass through and excludes others based on size, polarity and other factors
indicate the characteristics of the cell membrane
it carries out important metabolic reactions it functions as a boundary for the cell it enables communication and interaction
identify the characteristics of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
it functions in the synthesis of proteins it functions in the synthesis of lipids it is composed of membranous sacs it provides attachment for ribosomes
what are some characteristics of phagocytosis
it is a line of defense against infection it is an active transport mechanism it allows the body to remove damaged cells
identify the characteristics of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
it is composed of membranous sacs it provides attachment for ribosomes it functions in the synthesis of lipids it functions in the synthesis of proteins
the major components of the cell membrane are
lipids and proteins
what two organic molecules does the endoplasmic reticulum play a role in synthsizing
lipids and proteins
active transport is a process that moves particles through a membrane from a region of _________ concentration to a region of _______ concentration
low; higher
what conditions are necessary for diffusion of a substance to occur across a membrane
membrane permeability; a concentration gradient
what are some of the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
metabolism of drugs lipid synthesis
during the phase of mitosis called ________ , spindle fibers attach to centromeres, chromosomes move along spindle fibers and are aligned at the equator of the cell
metaphase
the cytoskeleton of a cell consists of threadlike structures called ________ and ________ that are rods and tubules made of protein
microtubules; microfilaments
pair the following organelles with their correct function
mitochondria: release energy from nutrients ribosomes: production of proteins lysosomes: digest worn cellular parts centrosome: important in cell division
ATP is used to power many cellular processes. some genetic disorders are the result of defects in ATP creation. which organelle is likely affected in these disorders
mitochondrion
somatic cell division , the nucleus undergoes a 4-stage process of
mitosis
endoplasmic reticulum is best described as a
network of interconnected membranes
the ________ envelope is the double membrane that maintains the integrity of the nucleus and contains pores that control the passage of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
nuclear
the dense body of protein and RNA inside the nucleus, which produces ribosome, is called the
nucleolus
the dense body of protein and RNA inside the nucleus, which produces ribosomes, is called the
nucleolus
the _________ is surrounded by an envelop and contains the genetic material (DNA) of the cell
nucleus
what houses the genetic material of a cell and directs all cell activity
nucleus
a(n) _________- is a specialized structure inside a cell that performs specific functions such as extracting energy from nutrients or building proteins
organelle
what is a specialized structure inside a cell called
organelle
__________ is the name the transport mechanism in which water molecules move through a selectively permeable membrane toward the solution with more impermeant (one that cannot cross the membrane)
osmosis
the potential pressure of the solution due to impermeable particles ( like protein) is called
osmotic pressure
correct category to indicate whether the statement describes a substance to which the membrane is permeable or impermeable
permeable: small polar molecules urea oxygen molecules carbon dioxide impermeable: large polar molecules ions proteins phosphates
following the nomenclature for cells, what type of cells take in solid particles like bacteria
phagocyte
certain cells can undergo the process of ___________ to take in the solid particles and cellular debris from surrounding fluid
phagocytosis
cell membranes are described as a fluid mosaic that maintains stability while still allowing movement. what component maintains most of the flexibility of the membrane
phospholipid bilayer
cell membranes are described as a fluid that maintains stability while still allowing movement. what component maintains most of the flexibility of the membrane
phospholipid bilayer
the nuclear envelope is perforated with openings called nuclear
pores
certain membrane proteins work as ______, which admit water molecule, while others work as ________, which admit small molecule or ions
pores; channels
name the stage of cellular development that occurs after division . of a stem cell and before the cell becomes a fully differentiated cell
progenitor cell
what is the definition of apoptosis
programmed cell death
the phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes first become visible due to the tight coiling of DNA is
prophase
place the stages of mitosis in the correct order with the beginning of the process at the top
prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
what are the four stages of mitosis
prophase; metaphase; anaphase; telophase
in the cell membrane,___________ function as receptors, cell surface markers, transporters, channels, enzymes, and cellular adhesion molecules
proteins
Molecules bind to receptor sites and are enclosed in vesicles in the process of
receptor-mediated endocytosis
what are three functions of proteins in the cell membrane
receptors to bind to chemicals adjacent to each other division
organelles called _________ are the site of protein synthesis
ribosome
the defining characteristic of a stem cell is
self-renewal
what are characteristics of the nuclear envelope
separates the nuclear contents from the cytoplasm is a double -layered porous membrane
phagocytosis is the process by which cells engulf ________ from extracellular fluid
solid particles
mitosis occurs in ______ cells and produces _________ daughter cells
somatic; two
meiosis occurs in ______ cells and produces ____ daughter cells
sperm and egg; four
a flagellum is found on a(n) __________cell and functions in __________
sperm; movement
cells that have the ability to divide repeatedly without specialization are called _____ cells
stem
how often a cell divides ________ controlled and __________
strictly; varies with cell type
how often a cell divides is _________ controlled and _________
strictly; varies with cell type
function of mitochondria is to
synthesize ATP
the structure in the nucleus that serve as a "mitotic clock" are
telomeres
what is the physical basis for the "mitotic clock", which controls the number of division one cell can undertake
telomeres
the stage of mitosis in which chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin and the nuclear envelope reforms is
telophase
what term describes the series of events that a cell undergoes from the time it forms until the time it divides
the cell cycle
which cell structure acts as a selectively permeable barrier, controlling the movement of substances into and out of the cell
the plasma membrane
some people cannot be infected with HIV because
their cells lack receptors that admit the virus
what is the function of glycoproteins
to identify the cell as being "self" or forgeign
what are the function of integral proteins
transport molecules across the membrane transduce signals across the membrane
Peroxisomes and lysosomes are sacs that contain enzymes.
true
during telophase of mitosis, chromosomes elongate and form chromatin threads
true
some types of active transport use energy provided by ATP molecules
true
true or false: active transport processes require cellular energy (ATP) while passive transport don't require cellular energy (ATP)
true; the source of energy in active transport processes is cellular energy while in most passive processes the sources of energy is molecular motion
anderson's disease results in the failure to secrete large proteins called chylomicrons. which organelle is most likely affected
vesicles
organelles called transport________ are membranous sacs containing substances that were produced in the cell like neurotransmitters or hormones
vesicles
exocytosis uses _______ to move substances _________ the cell
vesicles; out of
osmosis is the movement of
water through a selectively permeable membrane to a solution containing a higher concentration of impermeant solute
