chapter 3 bio homework concepts

What structures allow the passage of regulatory proteins into the nucleus and mRNA molecules out of the nucleus?

nuclear pores

A eukaryotic cell is different from a prokaryotic cell in that it contains

nuclei

Eukarya

possible larger cell size, fatty acids in the cell membrane, and nucleus present

Select all of the functions of the bacterial cell wall.

prevent the cell from bursting protect the cell give the cell its shape

______ cells are the simplest forms of life and lack a nucleus.

prokaryotic

German biologists Schleiden and Schwann were the first to

propose the cell theory

Select ways that cells avoid surface area limitations. Multiple select question.

long or thin shape efficient transportation system within cell

In 1859, French chemist and microbiologist ______ disproved spontaneous generation of cells, which added evidence to support the cell theory. Multiple choice question.

louie pasteur

cell membrane

Choice, lipid-rich boundary between the cells and outside environment lipid-rich boundary between the cells and outside environment

animal cell

centrioles present

Domain Archaea is more closely related to domain ______ than to the prokaryotic domain, ______.

eukarya; bacteria

In prokaryotic cells, DNA congregates in an area called the

nucleiod

Scottish surgeon Robert Brown was the first to observe a roughly circular structure in plant cells that he called the Multiple choice question.

nucleus

proteins are embedded in the cell membrane and act as passageways for water-soluble materials into or out of the cell.

transport

What type of cell membrane protein allows molecules and ions to enter or exit the cell?

transport proteins

Select all of the characteristics of eukaryotic cells.

larger than prokaryotic cells system of internal membranes nucleus

What feature enables eukaryotic cells to keep biochemicals and related structures in close proximity and increase efficiency within a relatively large cell volume?

organelle

The cell membrane is composed of a type of lipid molecule called a(n) ______, which has two fatty acids and a phosphate group extending from a glycerol molecule.

phospholipid

Archaea

small cell size, nonfatty acid lipids in the cell membrane, and prokaryotic

Lipids called ______, which include cholesterol, are membrane components that aid in membrane fluidity.

steriods

DNA

the cell's genetic information

Select all of the following that correctly describe plant organelles called plastids.

They contain their own DNA and ribosomes. Some assemble and store starch. Some, such as chloroplasts, synthesize pigments.

What microbiologist discovered key molecular differences between two types of prokaryotes, and following his work, biologists divided life into three domains?

Carl Woese

Select all the examples that correctly demonstrate the relationship between surface area and volume. Multiple select question.

Cellular extensions increase the cell's surface area to volume ratio. Root hairs, flat leaves, and feathery gills increase surface area. A large, round cell has a lower surface area to volume ratio than a thin, flat cell.

Cystskeleton

Cystskek

Defective proteins, such as ankyrin and dystrophin, and impact injuries to brain cells can disrupt the normal structural support provided by the ______ and cause the cells to degenerate.

Cytoskeleton

Select all of the following that are found in mitochondria.

DNA ribosomes enzymes matrix

The ______ is a series of flattened sacs that sorts and packages materials into vesicles to be sent to the cell membrane.

Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes originate from vesicles that bud from the ______, and the enzymes contained in lysosomes are synthesized in the ______.

Golgi apparatus; rough ER

Select all of the following that are examples in which the ratio of surface area to volume of cells is increased.

Nerve cells are long and thin. Paramecia are horizontally flattened in shape. Amoebas have extensions of their cell membrane.

are a category of plant organelles that contain their own DNA and ribosomes and can convert to many functions.

Plastids

Select the three scientists that proposed the three components of the cell theory in the mid-1800s.

Schwann Schleiden Virchow

Select all of the following that describe intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton.

Select all of the following that describe intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton.

______ are flattened membrane sacs within a chloroplast where photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll, are embedded.

Thylakoids

Turgor pressure in plant cells results from the expansion of the central vacuole as it fills with

Water

What is a correct description of a confocal microscope?

White or laser light is focused through a lens, and the image passes through a pinhole.

Enzymes in the lysosomes function at a more ______ pH than the cytoplasm, which means the enzymes only function within the enclosed lysosome, unless all of a cell's lysosomes burst at once.

acidic

Proteins on the surfaces of cell membranes which enable cells to stick to other cells are called ______ proteins.

adhesion

cytoplasm

all cell contents except the nucleus

Select all of the domains of life that contain prokaryotic cells.

archea bacteria

If an mRNA specifies a protein to be used in the cell membrane or to be secreted from the cell, this protein is made on ribosomes that

attach to the endoplasmic reticulum.

In cell membranes, the phospholipids are arranged into a

bilayer

Outside the cell wall in the bacterium shown, a layer of polysaccharides called the ______ aids in protection and attachment.

capsule

The rigid ______ of most bacterial cells surrounds the cell membrane, protecting the cell and giving the cell shape.

cell wall

plant cell

cell wall and chloroplasts present

What cell shape has the most efficient exchange of materials between the cell's interior and exterior?

cell with more surface area relative to volume

As most plant cells lack lysosomes, what organelle in plant cells performs the functions of recycling and degradation of molecules and old organelles?

central vacuole

What plant cell organelle can occupy up to 90% of the cell volume and can exert turgor pressure against the cell membrane when it acquires water?

central vacuole

Each centrosome in animal cells contains two ______, which form basal bodies of flagella and cilia and spindle fibers of chromosomal division.

centrioles

In animal cells, structures called ______ are microtubule-organizing centers that contain the centrioles.

centrosomes

Select all of the following that differ between domains Bacteria and Archaea.

chemical composition of flagella evolutionary relationship to eukaryotes molecules that compose the cell membranes

The organelle that is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells is the _ , which is a type of plastid.

chloroplast

Some protists, like Paramecium, are able to move through a watery environment with thousands of short extensions on the cell called

cilia

Although both are involved in movement and arise from basal bodies of microtubules, _ are short and numerous extensions, whereas _ are longer and occur singly or in pairs

cilia flagella

Select all of the following that describe microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.

composed of the protein actin help anchor cells to each other function in cell contraction and compression

Select all of the following that describe microtubules.

composed of tubulin subunits can be rapidly lengthened or shortened act as tracks for the movement of organelles within cells 23 nanometers in diameter

Select all of the following that are types of light microscopes. Multiple select question.

compound confocal

The folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion, called ______, contain the enzymes for cellular respiration.

cristae

The two-layered nuclear envelope separates the nucleus of a cell from the

cytoplasm

In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, cells lack the protein dystrophin, which is a component of the ______ in muscle cells.

cytoskeleton

What is the network of protein fibers and tubules inside the cell that provides support and aids in cell division and movement?

cytoskeleton

The ______ is a protein network that occurs within the cytosol, provides support, and helps form ______.

cytoskeleton; cell to cell connections

The fluid part of the cell cytoplasm is called

cytosol

The watery mixture of ions, enzymes, and RNA within the cytoplasm is called the

cytosol

Peroxisomes are organelles that originate at the ______ and contain enzymes that dispose of toxic substances.

endoplasmic reticulum

Select the organelles that are involved in the production of milk proteins to be secreted by mammary gland cells in animals called mammals.

endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus nucleus

What theory describes how ancient organisms engulfed bacterial cells and, instead of being digested, the bacterial cells became organelles within the host cells?

endosymbiosis

Modern cell theory added three more ideas to the original cell theory, including that all cells have the same chemical composition, all cells use ______, and all cells contain ______ as the genetic information that is duplicated and passed on when cells divide.

energy ; dna

What type of membrane protein speeds up chemical reactions?

enzymes

Protists, including the single-celled organisms Amoeba and Paramecium, belong to domain

eukaryotic

What is the function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

extract energy from food

In eukaryotic cells, the nucleus is an organelle that functions in

housing the cell dna

The head of a phospholipid is ______, meaning its polar covalent bonds attract water, but the tails of a phospholipid are ______ and thus water-insoluble.

hydrophilic; hydrophobic

Select all of the following that are components of the cytoplasm, outside the nuclear membrane.

ions and enzymes cytosol cytoskeleton organelles

Select all of the following that are true about prokaryotes. Multiple select question.

lack a nucleus simplest types of life most ancient forms of life on Earth

Select all of the following that correctly describe Archaean cells.

lack nuclei and organelles can have flagella most have cell walls

What type of microscope passes light through a transparent or thinly sliced specimen to generate true-color views of cells? Multiple choice question.

light microscope

Select all of the following that are able to pass freely through the phospholipid bilayer.

lipids O2 and CO2 small nonpolar molecules

What organelle of the endomembrane system breaks down debris, food, and old cell parts with special dismantling enzymes?

lysosome

The ______ produced in the nucleus enters the cytoplasm and binds to ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis. Multiple choice question.

mRNA

Within the nucleus, protein synthesis information in DNA is copied into ______, which then exit the nucleus through nuclear pores.

mRNA molecules

Organelles carry out specialized functions in the cell and are enclosed by

membranes

Archaeans called methanogens use carbon dioxide and hydrogen from the environment and produce ______ as a byproduct.

methane

Cytoskeletal components called ______ are long, thin rods of actin protein that are used in muscle contractions, stretching and compression, and anchoring of cells.

microfiliments

What component of the cytoskeleton is made of tubulin protein subunits and is used in cell division and transportation within cells?

microtubules

Select all the organelles that are thought to have arisen by endosymbiosis.

mitochondria chloroplasts

The endomembrane system is a coordinated system of ______ in eukaryotic cells.

organelle

Within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, there are multiple specialized compartments called

organelle

The enzymes in one lysosome could not digest a cell because the ______ of the lysosome is much ______ than the neutral cytoplasm, and therefore the lysosome enzymes would not be able to function fully in the cell cytoplasm.

pH; more acidic

What organelle protects all eukaryotic cells from toxic substances or toxic by-products of chemical reactions?

peroxisome

What is a steroid molecule that is found in animal cell membranes and that maintains membrane fluidity?

phosophlipids

Select all of the following that are able to move laterally within the cell membrane, giving it the description of a fluid mosaic.

phospholipids proteins

Select all of the following that are components of cell membranes.

phospholipids steroids proteins

What types of plant cells are packed with chloroplasts?

photosynthesizing leaf cells

Select all of the following that are found in chloroplasts.

photosynthetic pigments ribosomes thylakoids DNA stroma

What type of cell membrane protein binds molecules on the cell's exterior, which triggers a reaction in the cell's interior?

receptor proteins

What type of cell membrane proteins help the body identify its own cells?

recognition proteins

The endoplasmic ______ is a network of membranes originating at the nuclear envelope and winding through the cell.

reticulum

sem

reveals topography of specimen's surface reveals topography of specimen's surface

What cell structure binds to mRNA coming from the nucleus and manufactures proteins?

ribosomes

Select all of the following that are present in bacterial cells.

ribosomes enzymes DNA cytoplasm

More powerful microscopes of the nineteenth century allowed ______ to first observe and name nuclei. Multiple choice question.

robert brown

Select the three common shapes of bacterial cells.

round rod-shaped spiral

tem

shows internal features of specimen; highest resolution electron microscope shows internal features of specimen; highest resolution electron microscope

What type of organic molecules help maintain membrane fluidity as temperature fluctuates?

steriods

ribosome

structures that manufacture proteins

In mammals, mitochondrial DNA is inherited from

the female parent only.

Most cells have a small size that is less than 0.1 mm in diameter to maximize surface area relative to volume. True false question.

true

Select all of the following that describe compound microscopes.

type of light microscope uses two or more lenses to focus visible light commonly used in biology lab courses

Select all of the following that describe electron microscopes. Multiple select question.

use beam of electrons instead of light provide greater magnification than light microscopes usually require that specimen be killed expensive to build and operate

The protein produced by a free ribosome (left panel) will most likely be ______, while the protein produced by a ribosome attached to the rough ER's membrane (right panel) will most likely be ______.

used in the cytosol; used in the cell membrane

In the Golgi apparatus, proteins are sorted and packaged into ______ that deliver the proteins to their destinations.

vesicles

What are the structures indicated by the arrows in the picture that have pinched off the Golgi apparatus and will deliver their contents to another part of the cell?

vesicles

Membranous spheres that transport materials inside the cell as part of the endomembrane system are called

vesicles.

Select types of cells that have relatively more lysosomes.

white blood cells liver cells

In 1855, who proposed that all cells come from preexisting cells? Multiple choice question.

Rudolph Virchow

Select the three components of the cell theory devised in the mid-1800s. Multiple select question.

The cell is the fundamental unit of all life. All cells originate from preexisting cells. All organisms are made of one or more cells.

Why are ions and polar molecules unable to pass directly through a cell membrane?

The interior of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic

Spiral or corkscrew, round, and rod-shaped are all common shapes of

bacteria

What is the smallest unit of life that can function independently?

cell

What type of microscope allows resolution of objects that are about 5 nanometers in size?

electron

Peroxisomes contain enzymes that detoxify ______, a highly reactive compound that is produced by some chemical reactions in the cell and can damage the cell by causing oxygen free radicals.

hydrogen peroxide

What is the function of recognition proteins in the plasma membrane?

identify the cell as belonging to the body and a certain tissue type

Bacteria

small cell size, fatty acids in the cell membrane, and prokaryotic

Select all of the following ideas that were added to the cell theory in modern times.

All cells use energy to accomplish cell processes. All cells contain DNA, which is duplicated and passed to new cells when the cell divides.

Using improved lenses incorporated into the first simple microscopes, ______ observed many types of microscopic organisms but also perpetuated the idea of spontaneous generation in late 1600s.

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Select all of the cell parts that are involved in the endomembrane system.

Golgi apparatus nuclear envelope vacuoles lysosomes endoplasmic reticulum

The ______ microscope is ideal for viewing living cells that are between 200 nanometers and 1 millimeter in size. Multiple choice question.

LIGHT

What cell shape has the most efficient exchange of materials between the cell's interior and exterior? Multiple choice question.

What cell shape has the most efficient exchange of materials between the cell's interior and exterior? Multiple choice question.

Enzymes in the Golgi apparatus can synthesize and attach ______ to proteins and lipids, forming glycoproteins and glycolipids.

carbohydrates

All cells have a cell wallBlank 1Blank 1 wall , Incorrect Unavailable that surrounds the cytoplasm and forms a boundary between the cell and its environment.

cell membrane

Select all of the following that are present in plant cells but not in animal cells.

cell wall chloroplasts

What types of cells are likely to contain thousands of mitochondria?

energy-consuming muscle cells

Organelles called lysosomes contain ______ that break down food particles, old organelles, and other cellular debris.

enzymes

Proteins that increase the speed of chemical reactions on the cell membrane and in other parts of the cell are called .

enzymes

Select all of the following that are true about lysosomes.

enzymes inside the lysosome perform hydrolysis reactions can fuse with vesicle carrying debris from outside the cell or damaged organelles contain enzymes tagged with sugars

Key genetic sequences suggest that archaea are more closely related to members of domain ______ than they are to members of Domain Bacteria.

eukarya

Protists, plants, fungi, and animals are organisms in the domain

eukarya

Cells that contain membrane-bounded organelles and a nucleus are called

eukaryotic

Imagine an inflating balloon. As the balloon grows, its volume increases _____ than its surface area. Multiple choice question.

faster

What eukaryotic cellular extension is long, has a whiplike motion that propels cells, and usually occurs singly or in pairs?

flagellum

Select all of the following that are true about Archaea.

found in extreme and moderate environments can occupy same environments as bacteria include methanogens and extremophiles

Select all of the following that are true about organisms in Domain Bacteria.

important decomposers and producers Earth's oldest organisms some live in human intestines and help with digestion some are used to make pharmaceuticals

Cytoskeletal components called _ filaments are made of different proteins depending upon the cell type and help to maintain cell shape and bind some cells together.

in termediate

The long, thin ears of desert mammals are adaptations that ______, which facilitates the loss of body heat.

increase surface area

Select all of the following that are functions of lysosomes.

lyse captured bacteria dismantle worm-out organelles breakdown large food particles into smaller subunits

Inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, the subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the

nucleolus

All cells are surrounded by cell membranes, also called plasma membranes, that separate the cytoplasm from the

outside environment

Biological membranes are selectively ______, meaning they allow only specific types of molecules to pass into or out of the cell.

permeable

Select all of the following that are components of phospholipid molecules, which are the main constituents of cell membranes.

phosphate group two fatty acids glycerol molecule

In cell membranes, what part of a phospholipid molecule is oriented toward the outside of the bilayer? Multiple choice question.

phosphate head

In all cells, RNA and ribosomes play a role in the production of ______, which are molecules that carry out all of the cell's work. Multiple choice question.

proteins

Some medicines that treat depression block ______ proteins on brain cell surfaces from absorbing serotonin.

receptors

Select all of the following that are present in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Multiple select question.

ribosomes DNA RNA cytoplasm

A small, cube-shaped object has a surface area to volume ratio that is ______ that of a large, cube-shaped object.

smaller than

Select all of the following that are functions of the cytoskeleton in the cell.

structural support transportation aid for cell division

Select all of the characteristics of organelles.

studded with membrane proteins contain distinct proteins surrounded by membranes

Which of the following types of microscopes has the highest magnification and can resolve objects less than 1 angstrom apart? Multiple choice question.

transmission electron microscope

Select all the roles that membranes play in cells.

transport substances into and out of the cell receive and respond to external stimuli enclose organelles in eukaryotic cells

Plant cells have large central ______ where water, salts, and sugars are stored and where materials are broken down and recycled with enzymes similar to lysosomes in animal cells.

vacuoles