Chapter 3 child Psychology

112. Sex cells are also called gametes.

TRUE

23. A cell that has divided through mitosis possesses _____ chromosomes, whereas a cell that has undergone meiosis possesses _____ chromosomes. A. 23 pairs of ; 23 B. 46 pairs of ; 46 C. 23 ; 46 D. 23 chromosomes; 23 pairs of

A. 23 pairs of ; 23

79. Which child is likely to exhibit the smallest reaction range for the trait of intelligence? A. A child born with severe brain damage B. A child born to parents with low intelligence C. A child born to parents with normal intelligence D. A child born to parents with extremely high intelligence

A. A child born with severe brain damage

89. Which of the following statements about environmental influences is FALSE? A. Children growing up in the same family experience the same environment. B. Some individual experiences, such as illness and injury, become environmental influences. C. Siblings are usually more different than they are alike. D. The home is the primary environment in the early years of life.

A. Children growing up in the same family experience the same environment.

72. Doug has been recruited for a family study looking at the heritability of personality traits. Who else will most likely be included in the study? A. Doug's brother or sister B. Doug's spouse C. Doug's closest friends D. Doug's first cousins

A. Doug's brother or sister

85. William came from a disadvantaged background, with abusive parents. In high school, he turned his exceptional ability to win arguments into a positive characteristic by participating on the school debate team. When the debate team visited the nation's capital, William was so inspired by what he saw there that he decided to pursue a career in government. Which of the following terms best explains William's development? A. Genotype-environment interaction B. Canalization C. Reaction range D. Shared environmental effects

A. Genotype-environment interaction

49. The differential expression of certain genetic traits is known as A. genome imprinting. B. genome splitting. C. chromosome imprinting. D. chromosome splitting.

A. genome imprinting.

98. Many studies suggest that schizophrenia A. has a strong genetic component. B. has a strong environmental component. C. is a result of environmental stress. D. is caused by a single gene.

A. has a strong genetic component.

37. Matu received identical genes for hair color from each of his parents. We would say that Matu is _____ for that trait. A. homozygous B. monozygous C. heterozygous D. dizygous

A. homozygous

17. The science of genetics focuses on the A. inherited factors that affect development. B. effects of environmental influences on phenotypic development. C. development of abnormal, rather than normal, behaviors and traits. D. processes involved in fertilization.

A. inherited factors that affect development.

12. The most common cause of infertility in men is A. low sperm production. B. impotence. C. use of over-the-counter medications. D. premature ejaculation.

A. low sperm production.

43. Melvin grew up near the Three Mile Island nuclear plant when the meltdown occurred. An analysis of his genetic material indicates changes that are consistent with radiation exposure. The term that describes such genetic or chromosomal alteration is called A. mutation. B. transmission. C. transduction. D. selective alteration.

A. mutation.

87. The idea that each child in a family grows up in a unique environment is referred to as _____ effects. A. nonshared environmental B. macrosystem C. shared environmental D. hereditary

A. nonshared environmental

36. If Ekaterina is homozygous for a particular trait, what will she pass on to her offspring? A. only one kind of gene for that trait B. either of two kinds of genes for that trait C. a sex-linked gene for that trait D. no gene for that trait

A. only one kind of gene for that trait

33. During the 1860s, Gregor Mendel conducted experiments that laid the foundation for understanding A. patterns of inheritance. B. intelligence. C. meiosis and mitosis. D. prenatal development.

A. patterns of inheritance.

91. Intelligence is a trait that is A. polygenetic. B. determined by a relatively small number of recessive genes. C. the karyotype of both parents. D. the phenotype of both parents.

A. polygenetic.

32. The X and Y chromosomes are referred to as the A. sex chromosomes. B. autosomes. C. DNA. D. meiotic autosomes.

A. sex chromosomes.

5. In fertilization, the male and the female gametes combine to create a single cell called a(n) _____, which then duplicates itself again and again to become a baby. A. zygote B. ovum C. sperm D. follicle

A. zygote

22. How many pairs of chromosomes does a typically developing human being have? A. 22 B. 23 C. 44 D. 4

B. 23

77. Which of the following statements about the influences of heredity and environment is correct? A. A person's height is determined by his or her genes. B. A person's potential range of height is genetically determined, but actual height may be influenced by nutrition. C. The genetic upper limit or range of height can be increased by improved nutrition. D. Nutrition is more important than are genetic limits or range.

B. A person's potential range of height is genetically determined, but actual height may be influenced by nutrition.

95. Which of the following statements about heredity and personality traits is correct? A. Most personality traits seem to be inherited and unalterably imprinted at birth. B. Although many personality traits seem to be inherited, they are not unalterably imprinted at birth. C. Personality traits, unlike many physical traits, do not seem to be inherited. D. Because of the limitations of research methodology, researchers have not been able to identify any personality traits that are genetically based.

B. Although many personality traits seem to be inherited, they are not unalterably imprinted at birth.

60. John has hemophilia, a sex-linked, blood-clotting disorder transmitted by a recessive gene. Neither his mother nor his father has symptoms of this disease. What can we conclude about the genetic makeup of John's parents? A. Both of his parents have the faulty gene. B. The mother is a carrier of hemophilia, but the father does not have the gene. C. The mother is homozygous for the faulty gene, whereas the father is heterozygous. D. The father has the faulty gene, whereas the mother does not.

B. The mother is a carrier of hemophilia, but the father does not have the gene.

20. The _____ is the basic unit that determines inherited characteristics. A. zygote B. gene C. follicle D. gamete

B. gene

67. It eventually may be possible to treat inherited diseases by repairing or replacing abnormal genes through A. genetic counseling. B. gene therapy. C. genome replication. D. phoneme therapy.

B. gene therapy.

68. Brynn carries the gene for heart disease. She now believes that no matter what steps she takes to protect her health, she will have a heart attack in the future. Brynn's misconception is known as A. genetic variability. B. genetic determinism. C. biological destiny. D. a false positive.

B. genetic determinism.

84. The environment often reflects or reinforces genetic differences. In other words, certain genetic and environmental influences tend to reinforce each other. This tendency is called A. environment-genotype covariance. B. genotype-environment correlation. C. niche-picking. D. shared environmental effects.

B. genotype-environment correlation.

83. The effects of similar environmental conditions on genetically different individuals is called A. reaction range. B. genotype-environment interaction. C. canalization D. niche-picking.

B. genotype-environment interaction.

70. A statistical estimate of how much heredity influences individual differences in a specific trait at a certain time within a given population is referred to as A. inheritance. B. heritability. C. heredity. D. genetics.

B. heritability.

14. Dan and Fiona have decided to utilize technology to overcome their infertility problems. They opt for a procedure in which a mature ovum is surgically removed, fertilized in a laboratory dish, and then implanted in the woman's uterus. This technique is called A. artificial insemination. B. in vitro fertilization. C. gamete intrafallopian transfer. D. zygote intrafallopian transfer.

B. in vitro fertilization.

82. A strongly canalized trait is one that A. is easily influenced by environmental conditions. B. is affected little by environmental conditions. C. appears only in certain situations. D. has a large reaction range.

B. is affected little by environmental conditions.

42. Permanent genetic alterations that may produce harmful characteristics are called A. transmissions. B. mutations. C. dominant-recessive alterations. D. selective alterations.

B. mutations.

38. If Carol and Robert both pass on the gene for red hair, their child will have red hair. This is an example of _____ inheritance. A. dominant B. recessive C. sex-linked D. multiple-allele

B. recessive

61. Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome are caused by abnormalities of the A. autosomes. B. sex chromosomes. C. teratogens. D. phenotypes.

B. sex chromosomes.

55. Which birth defect afflicts African Americans more than it does other ethnic groups? A. Tay-Sachs disease B. sickle-cell anemia C. cystic fibrosis D. Cooley's anemia

B. sickle-cell anemia

31. The sex of a child is determined by the sex chromosomes of A. the mother. B. the father. C. both the mother and the father. D. neither the mother nor the father.

B. the father.

62. A chromosomal disorder characterized by moderate-to-severe mental retardation and a downward-sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes is called A. cystic fibrosis. B. Tay-Sachs disease. C. Down syndrome. D. sickle-cell anemia.

C. Down syndrome.

50. Which of the following statements best describes the concept of multifactorial transmission? A. One or two genes determine many obvious psychological characteristics, such as intelligence. B. Offspring with multiple recessive genes often do not survive to transmit those genes. C. The environment and many different genes interact to determine most psychological traits. D. The expression of dominant genes is solely influenced by hereditary factors, whereas the expression of recessive genes is strongly influenced by environmental factors.

C. The environment and many different genes interact to determine most psychological traits.

92. More complex traits, such as intelligence, seem to be the result of A. heredity, or nature. B. the environment, or nurture. C. an interaction between nature and nurture. D. maturation.

C. an interaction between nature and nurture.

15. Fred and Wilma have discovered that their infertility is due to Fred's extremely low sperm count. In an attempt to get pregnant, Wilma has a doctor inject a collection of her husband's sperm directly into her cervix. This procedure is called A. in vitro fertilization. B. sperm transfer. C. artificial insemination. D. ovum transfer.

C. artificial insemination.

94. Sophia was adopted when she was 1. If she is given an intelligence test at age 16, her intelligence level is likely to be more similar to that of her A. adoptive mother. B. adoptive father. C. biological mother. D. maternal grandparents.

C. biological mother.

11. A common female cause of infertility is A. underproduction of ova. B. abnormal ova. C. blockage of the fallopian tube. D. disease of the uterine lining, which prevents implantation of the fertilized ovum.

C. blockage of the fallopian tube.

28. Harry's wife is pregnant with a child whose sex chromosome is XY. Harry and his wife are A. heterozygous. B. having a girl. C. having a boy. D. homozygous.

C. having a boy.

76. Scientists generally accept that A. human development is determined almost entirely by heredity. B. human development is determined almost entirely by environment. C. heredity and environment constantly interact to shape human development. D. hereditary and environmental influences on human development are impossible to identify.

C. heredity and environment constantly interact to shape human development.

81. Traits that exhibit a _____ degree of canalization will have a _____ reaction range. A. low; narrow B. high; wide C. high; narrow D. low; nonexistent

C. high; narrow

99. Several members of the Theroz family suffer from schizophrenia. Concordance rates for schizophrenia are highest between: A. mothers and biological sons or daughters. B. grandparents and grandchildren. C. members of monozygotic twin pairs. D. members of dizygotic twin pairs.

C. members of monozygotic twin pairs.

88. Although brothers Jono and Roman bear a striking physical resemblance to each other, they differ greatly in intelligence and personality. One reason for this difference may be A. normative events. B. age-graded normative events. C. nonshared environmental effects. D. shared environmental effects.

C. nonshared environmental effects

46. Louise's blue eyes and petite frame are observable characteristics and are part of her A. alleles. B. genetic imprint. C. phenotype. D. genotype.

C. phenotype.

48. When the police ask you to give a description of an assailant and you say that she is tall with black, curly hair, you are describing the assailant's A. incomplete dominance. B. genetic pattern. C. phenotype. D. genotype.

C. phenotype.

65. A karyotype is a(n) A. abnormal genotype. B. abnormal phenotype. C. photographic chart of chromosomal abnormalities. D. test of developing fetal cells.

C. photographic chart of chromosomal abnormalities.

78. Depending on environmental conditions, the potential variability in the expression of a hereditary trait is called A. canalization. B. genetics. C. reaction range. D. environmental interaction.

C. reaction range.

97. A psychological disorder that is marked by a loss of contact with reality, includes such symptoms as hallucinations and delusions, and seems to have a strong genetic component is A. neuroticism. B. depression. C. schizophrenia. D. mental retardation.

C. schizophrenia.

58. Gerald suffers from hemophilia, a blood-clotting disorder. He understands that the gene responsible for this disorder is carried by females but usually affects only males. This is an example of _______ inheritance. A. heterozygous B. dominant C. sex-linked D. recessive

C. sex-linked

8. Sperm are produced in the _____ at a rate of several hundred million a day and are ejaculated in the semen during sexual climax. A. ovary B. cervix C. testes D. uterus

C. testes

96. Temperament seems largely determined by A. the age of your parents when you were conceived. B. the number of siblings you have. C. your genotype. D. your karyotype.

C. your genotype.

10. Infertility is the inability to conceive after _____ months of trying to have a baby. A. 3 to 6 B. 6 to 9 C. 9 to 12 D. 12 or more

D. 12 or more

26. Each ovum possesses _____ chromosomes, and each sperm possesses _____ chromosomes. A. 23 ; 46 B. 46 ; 23 C. 23 pairs of ; 26 pairs of D. 23 ; 23

D. 23 ; 23

86. In college, Cathy tried a number of different majors until she found one that was right for her. She was originally interested in a career in research and was very successful academically. She later decided that she missed social interaction, so she decided to try teaching high school biology. The first time that she stood in front of the classroom, she knew that this was where she belonged. Which of the following terms best explains Cathy's development? A. Passive genotype-environment correlation B. Accommodating genotype-environment correlation C. Evocative genotype-environment correlation D. Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlation

D. Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlation

2. Which of the following factors can have vast consequences on a child's development? A. Whether the birth comes about through normal or extraordinary means B. Whether the birth is welcome or unwanted C. How old the parents are when the child is conceived or adopted D. All of the above

D. All of the above

21. Which of the following are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)? A. Gametes B. Gymnosperm C. Androsperm D. Genes

D. Genes

13. Which of the following is NOT true about infertile couples? A. A common cause in females is blockage of the fallopian tubes. B. Drug therapy can sometimes correct the problem. C. Hormone treatment may raise a man's sperm count. D. Surgical treatments are ineffective.

D. Surgical treatments are ineffective.

100. A cause of schizophrenia may be A. advanced paternal age. B. the mother's loss of a close relative in the first trimester of pregnancy. C. maternal rubella infection during pregnancy. D. all of the above.

D. all of the above.

16. Medical technology is now able to offer couples several methods of bypassing the normal process of conception. These methods include A. ovum transfer. B. artificial insemination. C. in vitro fertilization. D. all of the above.

D. all of the above.

29. The chromosomes that do NOT determine sex are called A. zygotes. B. genes. C. gametes. D. autosomes.

D. autosomes.

69. The quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences on behavior is called A. genetic testing. B. qualitative genetic research. C. cognitive genetics. D. behavioral genetics.

D. behavioral genetics.

80. Despite many variations in environmental conditions and rearing practices, most children learn to walk at about the same time and in the same sequence. We would say that walking is a ______ trait. A. recessive B. dominant C. monozygotic D. canalized.

D. canalized.

7. Fertilization usually takes place in the _____ as the ovum make the trip from the ovary to the uterus. A. womb B. fallopian tube C. ovaries D. cervix

D. cervix

19. The chemical that carries inherited instructions for the development of all cellular forms of life is called A. a teratogenic substance. B. adenosine monophosphate. C. arachidonic acid. D. deoxyribonucleic acid.

D. deoxyribonucleic acid.

4. The union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote is known as A. the two-seed theory. B. ovulation. C. attachment. D. fertilization.

D. fertilization.

66. The misconception that individuals with a specific gene are destined to inherit that disease is called A. gene mapping. B. human genome. C. genetic engineering. D. genetic determinism.

D. genetic determinism.

27. Child A's sex chromosomes are XX, and Child B's sex chromosomes are XY. Child A is a(n) ______ and Child B is a(n) _______. A. identical twin; fraternal twin B. fraternal twin; identical twin C. boy; girl D. girl; boy

D. girl; boy

41. Suzanne has brown eyes but also carries a gene for blue eyes. Suzanne is _____ for the trait of eye color. A. homozygous B. unizygous C. monozygous D. heterozygous

D. heterozygous

24. The process of cell division that produces copies of cells with 46 chromosomes is called A. diffusion. B. meiosis. C. translocation. D. mitosis.

D. mitosis.

44. An individual's _____ consists of that individual's observable traits; an individual's _____ is his/her underlying genetic pattern. A. dominant inheritance; heterozygosis B. dominant inheritance; homozygosis C. genotype; phenotype D. phenotype; genotype

D. phenotype; genotype

18. Stacy wants to learn more about the sequence of base parts within DNA that determine inherited characteristics. Stacy is interested in A. autosomes. B. multifactorial transmission. C. genome imprinting. D. the genetic code.

D. the genetic code.

126. The differential expression of certain genetic traits based on if the trait came from the mother or the father is called epigenesis.

FALSE

113. At birth, girls are born with all of the ova she will ever produce.

TRUE

115. Dizygotic twins are the result of two ova and two sperm.

TRUE

116. A typically developing person has 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46.

TRUE

117. The Y in an XY pattern comes from the father.

TRUE

118. Gregor Mendel is credited with laying the foundation for our understanding of genetic inheritance.

TRUE

120. Waylon is tall and his partner Tara is short. Their child will be heterozygotic for the trait height.

TRUE

121. Most traits, like intelligence, are polygenic.

TRUE

47. Brooklyn has curly hair but carries a gene for straight hair. Her phenotype is A. curly hair. B. straight hair. C. unknown. D. her total genetic makeup.

A. curly hair.

52. Krystal was ill as a baby, and before she was a year old, she was diagnosed with _____, a genetic defect that causes thick mucus to clog the breathing passages and the digestive system. A. cystic fibrosis B. Down syndrome C. neural tube defect D. Huntington's disease

A. cystic fibrosis

53. When both parents carry an abnormal recessive gene, such as the gene for cystic fibrosis, each of their children has 1 chance in: A. 2 of being a carrier. B. 4 of being a carrier. C. 2 of receiving two abnormal recessive genes. D. 2 of receiving two normal genes.

A. 2 of being a carrier.

9. Daniel and Nellie are hoping to maximize Nellie's chances of becoming pregnant. When should they have intercourse? A. between the 6th and 21st days of the menstrual cycle B. 5 days after the onset of ovulation C. 14 days after the onset of menstruation D. 28 days after the onset of menstruation

A. between the 6th and 21st days of the menstrual cycle

3. ______ suggested that the production of male babies was the natural order of things and that a female came about only if development was disturbed. A. Bronfenbrenner. B. Aristotle. C. Skinner. D. Mendel.

B. Aristotle.

73. Although Roberto's adoptive parents are short in stature, he is growing to be tall like his biological mother. What might we conclude about Roberto's height? A. It is influenced primarily by environmental factors. B. It is influenced primarily by hereditary factors. C. Nutrition did not contribute to his height. D. It is primarily a result of independent segregation.

B. It is influenced primarily by hereditary factors.

74. Which of the following most clearly demonstrates the influence of environment? A. Georgio, who was adopted at birth, and died at the same age as his biological father did B. Sally, who was adopted at the age of 2, and walks like her adoptive mother C. Bill and Jim, identical twins who were separated at birth, and are both overweight D. Ann and Jennie, fraternal twins who were reared apart, only Ann has high blood pressure

B. Sally, who was adopted at the age of 2, and walks like her adoptive mother

75. Susan and Betty are monozygotic twins, whereas Ming and Li are dizygotic twins. If a particular trait is determined primarily by hereditary factors, what would be the relative degree of concordance in these two twin pairs? A. Ming and Li are more concordant than are Susan and Betty. B. Susan and Betty are more concordant than are Ming and Li. C. Given similar environments, the two sets of twins are equally concordant. D. It is not possible to determine concordance from studying twins.

B. Susan and Betty are more concordant than are Ming and Li.

63. Which of the following statements regarding Down syndrome is FALSE? A. The vast majority of genetic abnormalities are associated with the mother's ovum. B. There is no connection to paternal genetic abnormalities. C. Down syndrome is also called trisomy-21. D. The risk of having a child with Down syndrome increases with parental age.

B. There is no connection to paternal genetic abnormalities.

90. Which of the following statements regarding obesity is FALSE? A. Twin studies indicate that 40-70% of the risk of obesity is genetic. B. Twin studies indicate that up to 80% of the risk of obesity is environmental. C. Obesity is on the rise in western countries. D. A predisposition toward obesity does not necessarily mean that a person will become obese.

B. Twin studies indicate that up to 80% of the risk of obesity is environmental.

35. Genes that produce alternative expressions of a trait are called A. gametes. B. alleles. C. autosomes. D. karyotypes.

B. alleles.

1. Bronfenbrenner's _____ approach examines the layers of social systems and how these layers interact. A. interactionist B. bioecological C. behaviorist D. cognitive

B. bioecological

40. Ulrich is heterozygous for a trait; therefore, he displays the _____ trait in his phenotype. A. recessive B. dominant C. dominant-recessive D. genotypic

B. dominant

56. Arnold underwent genetic testing to determine whether he has the gene for Huntington's disease. The test confirmed that he does have it. This is an example of transmission by _____ inheritance. A. recessive B. dominant C. sex-linked D. multifactorial

B. dominant

6. Ovulation refers to the A. fertilization of an ovum by a sperm. B. expulsion of an ovum from the ovary. C. passage of an ovum through the vagina and out of the woman's body. D. absorption of an ovum by the woman's white blood cells.

B. expulsion of an ovum from the ovary.

93. Data on the heritability of intelligence indicates that when two people are very closely related, their A. similarity in intelligence is low. B. intelligence test scores are much more similar than are those of unrelated people. C. intelligence test scores are similar only if they have been reared together. D. intelligence test scores are no more similar than would be expected for any two randomly selected individuals.

B. intelligence test scores are much more similar than are those of unrelated people.

39. If Darla has albinism but neither of her parents exhibit this inherited condition, the trait must be _____ and Darla's genotype for this trait is _____. A. dominant; homozygous B. recessive; homozygous C. dominant; heterozygous D. recessive; heterozygous

B. recessive; homozygous

25. Meiosis A. results in two cells, each with 46 chromosomes. B. reduces the number of chromosomes by half. C. refers to the addition of an extra 21st chromosome. D. is the process by which the egg and sperm combine.

B. reduces the number of chromosomes by half.

54. Baby Shanna has been diagnosed with Tay-Sachs disease. However, neither of her parents has shown symptoms of this disease. What can we conclude from this information? A. Shanna is heterozygous for the Tay-Sachs gene. B. Shanna's parents are homozygous for the Tay-Sachs gene. C. Shanna is homozygous for the Tay-Sachs gene. D. One of Shanna's parents is a carrier of Tay-Sachs, the other is not.

C. Shanna is homozygous for the Tay-Sachs gene.

59. Sex-linked traits A. are usually passed from father to son. B. are never manifested in females. C. can be carried by females who do not display them. D. are carried by dominant genes.

C. can be carried by females who do not display them.

30. Lewis has wanted a son for as long as he can remember. He has put a great deal of pressure on his pregnant wife. She constantly reminds him that that the sex of the child was determined at conception by the A. genotype of the autosomes of the ovum. B. genotype of the sex chromosomes of the ovum. C. genotype of the sperm that fertilized the ovum. D. phenotype of the sperm that fertilized the ovum.

C. genotype of the sperm that fertilized the ovum.

45. Petra would like to replicate herself. However, she needs to realize that, although cloning can produce identical _____, it cannot produce identical _____. A. phenotypes; genotypes B. heredity; environments C. genotypes; phenotypes D. genotypes; alleles

C. genotypes; phenotypes

64. Which of the following is NOT the responsibility of a genetic counselor? A. Taking a family history of prospective parents B. Making clients aware of the statistical probabilities of certain genetic conditions C. Presenting options of alternative courses of action D. Advising clients on which course of action to take

D. Advising clients on which course of action to take

51. Which of the following is NOT true about epigenetics? A. It is a mechanism that turns genes on or off. B. It refers to chemical molecules attached to a gene that "reads" the gene's DNA. C. Its name is derived from the prefix meaning "on or above" the genome. D. Epigenetic changes are hereditary not environmental.

D. Epigenetic changes are hereditary not environmental.

34. According to Mendel's findings, A. genes occur singly, never in pairs. B. genes do not have fixed positions on chromosomes. C. individual traits blend into one another. D. hereditary traits are transmitted separately.

D. hereditary traits are transmitted separately.

71. In attempting to study the degree to which genetics influences activity levels in newborns, a researcher compares monozygotic and dizygotic twins for their level of similarity on that trait. This research is attempting to determine the _____ of the trait activity levels. A. phenotype B. genotype C. karyotype D. heritability

D. heritability

57. A pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring is called ______ inheritance. A. recessive B. dominant C. multifactorial D. sex-linked

D. sex-linked

114. The most common cause of infertility is a woman's failure to produce ova.

FALSE

119. Mai has brown eyes and her partner Jonas has blue eyes. Their offspring will be homozygotic for the trait eye color.

FALSE

124. Luz has brown hair, brown eyes, and is generally considered smart and funny by others. This is an example of her genotype.

FALSE

125. The bidirectional interplay of all activity of genetic and environmental levels is considered to be your genotype.

FALSE

128. Sex-linked characteristics generally come from the father.

FALSE

129. Down syndrome occurs on the thirteenth chromosome.

FALSE

130. If a trait like intelligence has a heritability estimate of 0.86 it would indicate that there is a weak genetic influence on intelligence and that environment is far more important.

FALSE

111. A one-celled organism that results from fertility is called a blastocyst.

FALSE (blastocyst is not one-celled)

122. Research suggests that being light skinned is the result of a minute genetic mutation that occurred tens of thousands of years ago.

TRUE

123. All of your genetic material is your genotype, whereas your observed characteristics are your phenotype.

TRUE

127. Babies that are born with only Y chromosomes and no X chromosomes are not viable. But babies with at least one X are.

TRUE

131. The home you grow up in, your parents' SES level, and the friends your parents choose for you to play with are all examples of a passive-genotype effect.

TRUE