chapter 3
Darlene's infant daughter does not yet recognize her name when someone says it. What is the oldest she is likely to be?
4 months old
By as early as ______ months of age, an infant can recognize its name when someone says it.
5
What is the recommended amount of calories per day for each pound an infant weighs?
50
About how much of an infant's sleep is dedicated to REM sleep?
50%
Cole hears his mother's voice and turns his head toward the sound demonstrating his ability to localize sounds. This tells you that Cole is at least _______ months of age.
6
At approximately what age do babies begin babbling?
6 months
At what age does babbling first begin?
6 months
In Patricia Kuhl's research, she found that a baby's brain becomes most open to learning the sounds of a native language at
6 months for vowels and at 9 months for consonants.
The average North American newborn weighs just over ______ pounds.
7
At what age do infants begin gesturing?
8-12 months
The "vocabulary spurt," when it happens, usually occurs between ______ and 24 months.
18
At what age do children begin using two-word utterances?
18 to 24 months
Sudden infant death syndrome most commonly occurs in infants between the ages of ______ months of age.
2 and 4
At what age do infants begin cooing?
2 to 4 months
The average North American newborn is ______.
20 inches long
The newborn's brain is about ______.
25% of its adult weight
Which of the following are reasons language scholars believe that language has a biological basis?
Particular regions of the brain are predisposed to be used for language. Damage to certain areas of the brain affect a person's ability to speak or understand language. Children acquire language in a remarkably similar way all over the world.
___________ categorization is the type of categorization that is based on similar features of objects, such as size, color, and movement.
Perceptual
categorization is the type of categorization that is based on similar features of objects, such as size, color, and movement.
Perceptual
Which of the following is not a component of language?
Perceptual categorization
_______ is the term used to describe the process by which unused neural connections are replaced by other pathways or disappear.
Pruning
________ are built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn's movements in an involuntary and automatic way. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)
Reflex
_________ are built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn's movements in an involuntary and automatic way. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)
Reflex
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding sudden infant death syndrome?
SIDS is more common in middle socioeconomic groups.
______ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors.
Sensation
What type of smells do newborns prefer?
Smells such as strawberry and vanilla
A newborn infant can habituate to which of the following repeated sensory stimuli? (Select all that apply.)
Sounds Touch Sights
Which of the following describes the vocalization known as babbling?
Strings of consonant-vowel combinations
______ is the use of short and precise words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxiliary verbs, and other connectives.
Telegraphic speech
Which statement is true regarding telegraphic speech?
Telegraphic speech is not limited to two words.
What is the age range that is associated with infantile or childhood amnesia?
The first three years of life
If an infant categorizes birds and airplanes into the same group, which of the following statements regarding perceptual categorization and conceptual categorization is true?
The infant understands perceptual categorization but not conceptual categorization.
What view states that environmental conditions and biological processes influence development?
The neuroconstructivist view
With what is Broca's area associated?
The production of words
If you were analyzing the results of a sleep study in which the participant began the sleep cycle with REM sleep and spent 50% of the time in REM sleep, what could you determine about the age of the participant?
The subject is between birth and 3 months of age.
What is the purpose of the sucking reflex?
The sucking reflex serves as a self-soothing or self-regulating mechanism. The sucking reflex enables newborns to get nourishment before they associate a nipple with food.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding language development in childhood?
The timing of a child's first word and the timing of the vocabulary spurt vary.
What are the purposes of reflexes?
They are survival mechanisms, which are genetically carried. They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment.
Which of the following is not one of the functions of early vocalizations?
To practice the semantics of language
True or false: According to the textbook, infants can imitate facial expressions within the first few days after birth.
True
True or false: Children who grow up in an unresponsive and unstimulating environment show considerably less brain activity compared with children with stimulating backgrounds.
True
True or false: One of the functions of early vocalizations is to attract attention.
True
True or false: The language acquisition device provides a child with the ability to form plural words.
True
True or false: There is no practical limit to the number of meaningful sentences that can be created using the words and rules in the human language.
True
Which of the following activities is NOT a gross motor skill?
Tying shoes
Which of the following factors is NOT a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
Using a pacifier when going to sleep
What region of the brain is associated with comprehension of language?
Wernicke's area
The region of the brain's left hemisphere involved in language comprehension is known as
Wernicke's area.
_______ occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.
acommodation
Chomsky believed that children are born into the world with a language
acquisition device.
According to dynamic systems theory, motor development is a(n)__________ (active/passive) process
active
Dynamic systems theory explains motor behavior as a(n) ______ process.
active
Piaget believed that children ______ their own cognitive worlds.
actively construct
To reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome, an infant should be placed to sleep on their
back.
Some experts view the remarkable similarities in children's language acquisition all over the world as strong evidence that language has a ______ basis.
biological
According to Piaget, cognitive development is a process sculpted by
biology experiences
An interactionist view emphasizes that both ______ contribute to language acquisition.
biology and experience
Most neuroscientists believe that reading and performing music involve ______ of the brain.
both hemispheres
Shaken baby syndrome causes swelling and hemorrhaging of the
brain
The physical growth pattern in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top of the body (head) and proceeds from top to bottom is called the ____________ growth pattern.
cephadoculas
Individuals who experience damage to Wernicke's area will have difficulty
comprehending what others say.
Wernicke's area is associated with language
comprehension.
Between 7 and 9 months of age, infants begin to formulate ______ categories for objects.
conceptual
The sounds that infants make to express pleasure during interactions with a caregiver are called
cooing
The sounds that infants make to express pleasure during interactions with a caregiver are called ___________
coos
The first form of vocalization an infant makes, starting at birth, is
crying
Which sound do infants demonstrate first?
crying
Order the sequence of babies' sounds during the first year of life, beginning with the earliest form on top.
crying cooing babbling
An infant hears a new sound and responds with interest. After repeated exposure to the same sound, one can expect the infant to ______ its responsiveness to the sound.
decrease
Many people attend a concert. According to the definition of perception, the people will interpret the experience
differently.
The purpose of the rooting reflex is to
direct the infant to turn its head toward something to suck.
The recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation is called
dishabutation
Infants with poorer sleep patterns showed more ______ during an attention task.
distractibility
A recent research review indicated there is a positive link between infant sleep and cognitive function including:
executive function language memory
Assimilation occurs when children use ______ schemes to deal with new information or experiences
existing
A recent analysis found that ______ were the MOST frequent perpetrators of shaken baby syndrome.
fathers
During the second year of a toddler's life, parents should place ______ restrictions upon the child in order to support competent motor development.
few
Andrew is an 18-month-old boy. His mother has been cleaning the house. Andrew watches her vacuum, wash the windows, and sweep the kitchen floor. The next day his mother watches as Andrew takes his toy vacuum and pretends to vacuum the floor. What cognitive technique is Andrew demonstrating?
Deferred imitation
______ is the replication of behavior after a time delay of hours or days.
Deferred imitation
When can sound first be perceived?
During the last two months of pregnancy
Which theory of motor development suggests that perceptions are necessary for infants to fine-tune their movements and that motor skills represent solutions to the infants' goals?
Dynamic systems theory
Which of the following are essential features of motor activities during the second year of life?
Independence Extensive environmental exploration Self-initiated interaction with others
What term refers to the inability to remember events in the first three years of life?
Infantile or childhood amnesia
Why does Meltzoff believe that infant imitation has a biological basis?
Infants can imitate facial expressions within the first few days after birth.
What is the main finding in Rovee-Collier's experiment of infant memory?
Infants can retain information from the experience of being conditioned.
Which of the following statements is true?
Infants can say 50 words at about 18 months.
Which statement about smell in infancy is true?
Infants recognize their mother's smell within about a week of being born.
Which of the following statements regarding the risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) are true?
Infants who sleep on their stomachs are at greater risk. Infants who co-sleep are at higher risk.
______ is the ability to produce a virtually endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules.
Infinite generativity
______ is a form of communication that is based on a system of symbols.
Language
Which of the following concepts describes the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex?
Lateralization
Which of the following is not an example of a common first-word type for an infant?
Locations
A mother changes a patterned picture on the wall. According to dishabituation, her infant will most likely do which of the following?
Look longer at the new picture
______ research suggested that infants were capable of deferred imitation at an earlier age than Piaget theorized.
Meltzoff's
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding deferred imitation?
Meltzoff's research showed that it occurred earlier than Piaget theorized.
Which of the following involves the retention of information over time?
Memory
__________ is the retention of information over time.
Memory
_____________ is the retention of information over time.
Memory
The reflex that is demonstrated by newborns arching their backs, throwing back their heads, and flinging out their arms and legs is called the ______ reflex
Moro
The reflex that is demonstrated by newborns arching their backs, throwing back their heads, and flinging out their arms and legs is called the ______ reflex.
Moro
Which lobes of the brain are involved in motor control, attention, and registering spatial location?
Parietal lobes
Movements that involve finger dexterity are called _______ motor skills.
fine
the ________ reflex occurs in response to a sudden, intense noise or movement.
Moro
Skills that involve finely tuned movements that require finger dexterity are called
fine motor skills.
Creativity is a complex thinking activity. Which statement below represents most accurately the view of neuroscientists on creativity and lateralization?
Most neuroscientists agree that creativity is complex and therefore is not lateralized.
A baby puts a small green toy car, a medium-sized red truck, and a large silver locomotive into a group. The infant is most likely categorizing these objects according to which perceptual feature?
Movement
A(n)__________ sheath encases many axons.
Myalin
______ is the process by which nerve cells are coated with fat cells that enhances the speed and efficiency of the information traveling through the nervous system. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)
Myelination
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding neuron change during the first years of life?
Myelination ends once infants complete their first year of life.
Which of the following are the two significant ways that neurons change during the first years of life?
Myelination occurs rapidly. Connectivity among neurons increases
With regard to brain development, what happens as babies engage in language use?
Neural pathways are strengthened.
The expansion of dendritic connections results in which of the following in infant development?
New neural pathways
Which theorist believed that humans are biologically programmed to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way?
Noam Chomsky
A baby learns how to use a spoon. He later learns how to use a fork and knife. He relates these behaviors together into a higher-order system. What Piagetian concept does this example describe?
Organization
Rovee-Collier found that infants will suck faster on a nipple when the sucking behavior is ______ by a visual display, music, or a human voice.
followed
The four lobes of the brain are the occipital, parietal, temporal, and
frontal lobe
One day, a child takes a drumstick and hits a toy drum. Several days later, he is presented with a drumstick and toy xylophone. Then, he is given a smaller stick and a triangle. Based on his previous experiences with the other instruments, he hits the triangle with the stick. What Piagetian concept does this example describe?
Organization
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) usually happens during
the night.
The laboratory procedure constructed by Gibson and Walk (1960) to determine whether or not an infant could perceive depth is called ______.
the visual cliff
During the first two years of life, nearly ______ as many synaptic connections are made as will ever be used.
twice
Receptive vocabulary refers to the words a child can
understand.
The timing of a child's first word and the timing of the vocabulary spurt
vary.
In evolutionary time, humans' acquisition of language is considered to be
very recent.
Myelination for _________ pathways occurs rapidly after birth and is completed in the first six months. Myelination for ________ pathways is not completed until 4 or 5 years of age.
vision, hearing
The procedure in which infants are placed on the edge of a glass-covered drop-off and their mothers coax them to crawl onto the glass is called the
visual cliff.
The rapid increase in vocabulary that begins at approximately 18 months of age is called the
vocabulary spurt.
An infant waving bye-bye is an example of a(n) ______.
gesture
An infant smacking its lips to indicate that it wants food or drink is an example of ______.
gesturing
Chomsky proposed that the language acquisition device allows children to do all of the following, EXCEPT
hear spoken words.
One study has found that low maternal sensitivity when infants were 15 and 24 months of age was linked to
higher risk of obesity in adolescence.
Memory without conscious recollection is known as
implicit memory
Which view of language acquisition emphasizes both the biological and the experiential contribution to language development?
interactionist
the _________ view emphasizes that language acquisition occurs because of both biological and environmental influences.
interactionist
The integration of information from two or more sensory modalities is called _________ perception. (Watch your spelling!)
intermodal perception
Perception is defined as the ______ of what is sensed.
interpretation
Perception is defined as the _______ of what is sensed.
interpretation
Gross motor skills
involve large-muscle activities.
If an infant's behavior is followed by a reinforcing stimulus, the behavior
is likely to recur.
Conceptual categorization occurs ______ perceptual categorization.
later than
The specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other is called brain _________
laterilization
The occipital _______ of the brain are responsible for the processing of vision.
lobe
Eleanora is aware of where her mother is in the house by the sound of her voice. this positioning is know as
localization.
In terms of sudden infant death syndrome risk, the safest position for a sleeping infant is
lying on their back.
Piaget believed that we build ______ structures that help us understand the world and adjust to new environmental demands.
mental
Infants should consume ______ an adult's requirement of calories per pound.
more than twice
To develop _________ skills, infants must perceive something in their environment that motivates them to act and use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements.
motor
Neurons are ______ cells that send electrical and chemical signals.
nerve
Nerve cells are also referred to as ________
nuerons
In Piaget's theory, ______________ is the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system. (Watch your spelling!)
organisation
The dynamic systems view states that new perceptual-motor coupling is not ______ accomplished; rather, the infant ______ develops a skill to achieve a goal.
passively; actively
The interpretation of sensory information is called
perception
Young infants seem to categorize on the basis of _____ features, such as shape, color, and pattern.
perceptual
A baby puts small shapes into a box and large shapes into a different box. This is known as
perceptual categorization.
Seven month old, Logan, seems to respond more to the higher level sound of his mother's voice than the deeper sound of his dad's voice. This is an example of Logan's ability to differentiate between the ______ of the sound.
pitch
The perception of the frequency of a sound is a description of
pitch.
The process of myelination begins ______ and continues into ______.
prenatally; adolescence and emerging adulthood
A person who experiences damage to Broca's area will have difficulty
producing speech.
Research shows that an infant can understand words that refer to body parts, such as "hand" but they cannot yet speak these words. This is an example of ______.
receptive vocabulary
Research has shown that infants will suck faster on a nipple when the sucking behavior is followed by a visual display, music, or a human voice. The visual display, music, or human voice is considered to be a(n)
reinforcer.
Synaptic connections that are unused are
replaced or pruned.
the ___________ reflex occurs when the infant's cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched and the infant then turns its head toward the side that was touched.
rootin
Actions or mental representations that organize knowledge are known as ______.
schemes
Grasping, strategies for problem solving, driving a car, and balancing a budget are all examples of ______, according to Piaget.
schemes
The sensation of ________ occurs as rays of light contact the eyes, become focused on the retina, and are transmitted by the optic nerve to the visual centers of the brain.
seeing
The eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin are all considered to be ______.
sensory receptors
Habituation experiments show that children as young as 3 to 4 months can group together objects with ______ appearances.
similar
Millicent knows what a ball is but cannot say the word "ball." She has not yet incorporated the word into her
spoken vocabulary.
the _________ reflex enables newborns to get nourishment before they have associated a nipple with food. It also serves as a self-soothing or self--regulating mechanism.
sucking
___________ ___________ death syndrome is a condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night, and die. (Remember to type only one word in each blank.)
sudden infant
At birth, an infant's brain contains ______ nerve cells.
tens of billions
The current view of perceptual-motor coupling in infants is
the dynamic systems view.
_________ memory refers to the conscious memory of facts and experiences.
Declerative
Researchers have found that nearly twice as many of the neural connections made in an infant's brain will ever be used. The unused connections will be ___________
"pruned"
________ memory is the type of memory that encompasses skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically.
Implicit
_________Vis the loss or impairment of language ability caused by brain damage. (Make sure to spell correctly.)
APHASIA
A child calls all winged creatures birds, including bats and butterflies. Her mother teaches her the correct terms for the different animals, and the child does not make the mistake again in the future. What Piagetian concept does this example describe?
Accommodation
Which of the following racial/ethnic groups have higher rates of death from sudden infant death syndrome?
African Americans Eskimos
Which type of memory is demonstrated earliest in infants?
Implicit memory
What is the term for the loss or impairment of language processing?
Aphasia
A child sees a zebra for the first time. She says, "Horse!" What Piagetian concept does this example describe?
Assimilation
Abby, a 15-month-old girl, has a white poodle as a pet at home. She knows that the pet is a dog. (She calls it "puppy.") While Abby is at the park with her mother, she sees a small white dog. She points at the dog and says,"Puppy!" What Piagetian concept does this example describe?
Assimilation
Baby Michelle looks intently at her mother, who is singing a song. What is Michelle demonstrating?
Attention
_________ refers to the focusing of mental resources on select information.
Attention
Which of the following statements is true regarding myelination?
Auditory myelination is not completed until 4 or 5 years of age.
What is the term for the production of strings of consonant-vowel combinations?
Babbling
Which of the following vocalizations do infants start to make around the middle of the first year of life?
Babbling
Which of the following statements is true regarding the trend towards overweight infants?
Babies are eating too much junk food and not enough fruits and vegetables.
According to the cephalocaudal pattern of growth, what feature would grow the fastest?
Brain
Which of the following is NOT a common way that a researcher identifies whether or not an infant is experiencing habituation and dishabituation?
Brain wave activity
What region of the brain is associated with the production of words?
Broca's area
What does research on infants' recognition of language sounds demonstrate?
By their first birthday, infants lose the ability to recognize differences in sounds not important in their own language.
What is NOT one of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?
Caudal
Which of the following groups would have the most depression in brain activity, based on our understanding of the impact of environment on brain development?
Children raised in an unresponsive, unstimulating, and underfunded orphanage
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding common first words?
Common first words for babies are the same now as they were 50 years ago.
What must infants have in order to make generalizations about objects?
Concepts
______ are cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas.
Concepts
What is the term for the gurgling sounds that infants make in the back of their throats?
Cooing
What term describes the sound infants begin to make at 2 to 4 months?
Cooing
Which activity do infants first demonstrate to get their needs met?
Crying
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the evolutionary perspective of the acquisition of language?
Evolutionary psychologists believe that humans acquired language about 500,000 years ago.
What type of memory involves the conscious or intentional recall of facts and other information that can be stated or declared?
Explicit
Which type of memory improves substantially during the second year of life?
Explicit memory
What do infants imitate first?
Facial expressions
True or false: Fetuses can detect the human voice but are unable to tell one sound from another.
False
True or false: From birth to age 2, the areas of a baby's brain develop at the same pace.
False
True or false: In infancy, spoken vocabulary far exceeds receptive vocabulary.
False
True or false: Infants can say more words than they can actually understand
False
True or false: Infants can say more words than they can actually understand.
False
True or false: Intermodal perception involves receiving information from a single sensory modality.
False
True or false: Piaget believed that children are like sponges who absorb information from the world around them without having to search out new knowledge.
False
True or false: Research techniques used to assess visual perception are more accurate than research techniques used to assess auditory perception.
False
True or false: Sudden infant death syndrome occurs most commonly in children between the ages of 4 and 6 months of age.
False
True or false: The axon and dendrites are inside the neuron's cell body and send signals in and out.
False
True or false: The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth occurs in the middle trunk and progresses outward to the head and feet.
False
If a child's sucking behavior is followed by a reward such as music or a human voice, one can expect which of the following infant behaviors to occur?
Faster sucking
The neuroconstructivist view states that a combination of which of the following factors influence brain development?
Gene expression Experiences
Which form of infant communication involves showing and pointing?
Gesturing
Which of the following infant behaviors shows an infant's concept and categorization abilities?
Grouping together objects with similar appearances
The name given to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus is
Habituation
Which type of experiment is typically used to study infants' concept and categorization abilities?
Habituation experiments
Scientists are using which of the following technology to study infant perception?
High-speed computer equipment Respiration and heart rate equipment Eye-tracking equipment Video-recording equipment
Which of the following statements represents the interactionist view of language acquisition?
How much of language acquisition is biologically determined and how much depends on social interaction is a matter of debate.
