Chapter 3 Microbiology and Infection Control

Bacteria that live only in the presence of oxygen are called:

Aerobes

When a person forms antibodies against his or her own tissues, it is known as:

Autoimmunity

What spore is used to test steam under pressure (steam sterilizer)

Bacillus stearothermophilus

Gas gangrene is caused by

C perfringens

Which of the following bacilli are spore-forming anaerobes, found in soil, and capable of causing gas gangrene?

Clostridium perfringens

A bacteria found in the intestinal tract is

E coli

When an infection is caused by a patients's own normal flora, the source would be referred to as:

Endogenous

A tough, resistant "shell form" of some grampositive bacilli which is extremely resistant to destruction and toward which all sterilization methods are aimed is a/an:

Endospore

Normal flora of the intestinal tract includes:

Escherichia coli

What living cells are more complex, have nuclei and include protozoa, fungi, green, red and brown algae?

Eukaryotic

An enzyme produced by some virulent microorganisms, such as the hemolytic strepptococcus, that breaks down fibrin and leads to wound infection is:

Fibrinolysin

Airborne contamination in the operating room can be reduced by:

Filtering out particles with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters

Mycotic infections (athlete's foot and ringworm) are caused by:

Fungi

A laboratory procedure useful in classifying bacteria using a staining procedure is

Gram stain

The most widely used method for identifying bacteria by dividing them into two groups is:

Gram stain

What Gram stain turns red at the end of the staining procedure?

Gram-negative

Which of the following infectious organisms is most likely to be transmitted through a contaminated needle stick?

Hepatitis B (HBV)

When a patient has a generalized (systemic) infection, the white blood cell (WBC) count would:

Increase

The English surgeon who established the first principles of aseptic technique is

Lister

The immunity revived by having had a disease (i.e., measles) is known as:

Naturally acquired active immunity

An infection acquired while one is being treated in a health care facility is known as:

Nosocomial infection

Microorganisms that can be macroscopic and are treated with anthelmintic drugs are:

Parasitic worms

A microbial relationship in which one organism lives completely at the expense of the host is:

Parasitism

Microorganisms that cause disease are known as:

Pathogens

Which bacteria is commonly found in soil?

Pediculus vestimenti

Pathogens that get past the first line of defense are engulfed by white blood cells, a process known as:

Phagocytosis

All factors increase the surgical patient's risk for infection EXCEPT which of the following: location of surgery, health of the patient, length of the procedure, or position of the patient

Position of the patient

Host resistance to infection may be lowered by all of the following except:

Proper nutritional state

The type of isolation recommended for the immunocompromised, burn, or organ transplant patient is:

Protective

The organism most frequently found in burns is

Pseudomonas aerginosa

A bacterial pathogen most frequently invading damages skin is

S aureus

What bacteria is the common cause for postoperative wound infections?

S aureus

What organism is responsible for a boil?

S aureus

What is the classification of a wound that is indicated by a delayed closure?

Secondary intention

The bacteria that are spherical in shape, appear in clusters, and are the most common cause of postoperative wound infections are:

Staphylococcus aureus

The most likely portal of entry for the Treponema pallidum organism is:

The genitourinary tract

MRSA methicillin resistant S aureus is a strain of S aureus that is resistant to most antibiotics. What is the only drug of choice to treat MRSA?

Vancomyscin

Organisms that cause hepatitis are:

Virus's

Which of the following factors would have the least effect in determining whether or not one exposed to a disease would contract it?

Weight of host

Standard Precautions are to be implemented:

When blood or body fluids may be encountered

Keloids are

a raised, thickened scar

A cicatrix is

a scar

Herpes simplex is commonly called

cold sore

Complications of wound closure when the organs protrude through the edges of the wound is

evisceration

OSHA is a governmental regulating agency whose aim is to

execute requirements designed to prevent transmission of blood-borne pathogens in the work environment

The substance that unites with thrombin to form firbrin, the basic structural material of blood clots is

fibrinogen

Clostridium tetani causes

gangrene

A fulminating infection arising from necrotic tissue and spreading rapidly is

gas gangrene

E coli is part of the normal flora of the __________ in humans.

intestinal track

If tissue is approximated too tightly it can cause

ischemia

What immune protection is available to the fetus?

natural passive

Which type of wound would favor the development of gas gangrene?

necrotic

Microbial death occurs when an organism is

no longer capable of reproduction

Staphylococcus aureus would most likely be transmitted by

nose and mouth

Hospital- acquired infections are known as

nosocomial

Passage of fluid through a cell membrane is called

osmosis

The destruction of bacteria by white blood cells during the inflammatory process is called

phagocytosis

Which of the following body fluid is least likely to transmit HIV: blood, semen, saliva or spinal fluid

saliva

Wound healing that employs a technique allowing the wound to heal from the bottom up is called

second intention

A wound that is infected or one in which there is excessive loss of tissue heals by

secondary intention

The clinical syndrome characterized by microbial invasion of the bloodstream is

septicemia

The body's first line of defense against the invasion of pathogens is

skin and mucous membrane linings

The bacteria highly resistant to sterilization and disinfection is

spores

Universal precautions is a previous policy, that is now called

standard precautions

A wound is described as ____________ when there is a collection of pus around the incision

suppurative

The burn classification that is characterized by a dry, pearly, white, or charred-appearing surface is

third

The type of wound healing that requires debridement

third

Bacteriostatic means

to inhibit growth of microorganisms

The microbes that reside on the skin and are easily removed are referred to as

transient

All of the following descriptors refer to the inflammatory process EXCEPT

vasoconstriction

Inflammation is characterized by pain, redness, heat, swelling, and loss of function. The redness can be attributed to

vasodilation bringing more blood to the area

Hematoma, seroma and evisceration are all examples of

wound complications

Arrange the three phases of wound healing in the correct order: 1. Proliferation, 2. Inflammatory, 3. Remodeling

2, 1, 3

Tensile strength of a wound refers to

ability of tissue to resist rupture

Asepsis mean

absence of microbes

A band of scar tissue that binds together two anatomical surfaces that are normally separate from each other is called

adhesion

Oxygen-dependent bacteria are said to be

aerobic

A severe allergic possibly resulting in death is called

anaphylactic shock

The type of immunity that is acquired by a vaccination is

artificial active acquired immunity

Rod-like shaped bacteria are identified microscopically as

bacilli

The space cause by separation of wound edges is called

dead space

Removal of contaminated debris from a wound is called

debridement

Tissue breakdown at the wound margin is

dehiscence