Chapter 3 physiology

What are the membrane channels that allow the movement of water across a membrane called?

Aquaporins

Which form of vesicular transport uses motor proteins to bring fluid and solutes into the cell?

Endocytosis

Which are types of vesicular transport?

Endocytosis and exocytosis

In which process does a secretory vesicle fuse with a cell membrane and release its contents into the extracellular space?

Exocytosis

Which factors would increase the rate of diffusion?

Increased cell surface area Increased concentration difference Decreased molecular weight of diffusing compound

When cells are placed in which solution, there is no change in cell volume or shape?

Isotonic

What is the net flow of water down its concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane called?

Osmosis

Transport mechanisms like filtration, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis are examples of which of the following forms of transport?

Passive

Neutrophils engulf bacteria by surrounding them with pseudopods and drawing them into the cell by which process?

Phagocytosis

In which process does the plasma membrane dimple (or cave in) and take in droplets of ECF within a vesicle?

Pinocytosis

What are three mechanisms of carrier-mediated transport?

Primary active transport Facilitated diffusion Secondary active transport

When all carriers have bound ligand and no further ligand can be transported they are said to be what?

Saturated

Which membrane type allows some things through and restricts the passage of others?

Selectively permeable

If side B of a selectively permeable membrane contains a higher concentration of solutes than side A, which side would have the greatest osmotic pressure?

Side B

Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. What does this mean?

Some compounds can permeate (pass through) the membrane while others cannot.

The type of carrier protein that moves two solutes, such as glucose and sodium, in the same direction across a membrane is a(n)

Symporter

When all carriers are saturated, the transport of the molecule levels off at a rate called what?

Transport maximum

What is a carrier that carries only one type of solute called?

Uniport

Which carrier transports two or more solutes in opposite directions across a cell membrane?

antiport

The movement of water in and out of the renal tubules can be increased or decreased. The tubular cells are able to do this, by changing the number of water channels, also called ________________________ , in their membranes.

aquaporins

Oxygen passes into the bloodstream across the membranes in the lung by the process of _____________

diffusion

Example of a hypotonic solution

distilled water

Passive mechanisms of membrane transport ______________

do not require ATP

When transport maximum is reached, adding more solute.....

does not change the rate of the process

The general term for the cell process in which the membrane invaginates, forming vesicles that bring extracellular particles or droplets of fluid into the cell, is known as

endocytosis

The vesicular transport process of discharging material from a cell is called

exocytosis

Vesicular transport that releases material from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell is called

exocytosis

Smaller molecules diffuse _______________ larger molecules.

faster than

In blood capillaries, blood pressure forces fluid through gaps in the capillary wall in a process called _______________

filtration

The process in which a physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane is called

filtration

In diffusion molecules move

from high concentration to low concentration

Example of a hypertonic solution

glucose

The greater the concentration of a nonpermeating solute present in a solution, the ______________ the osmotic pressure of that solution.

higher

A solution that has a higher osmotic pressure than the intracellular fluid of cells and tends to cause the cells to undergo osmotic shrinkage is called a(n) __________________________ solution.

hypertonic

A solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than the intracellular fluid of the cell and tends to cause osmotic swelling and lysis of cells is called a(n) ___________________ solution.

hypotonic

Cells placed in a(n) _________________________ solution will swell and burst due to water moving into the cell

hypotonic

An increase in surface area of a cell _____________ the diffusion rate.

increases

An antiport protein carries solutes in _____________________.

opposite directions

The process of engulfing particles (such as bacteria) by surrounding the particle and drawing it into the cell is referred to as

phagocytosis

In carrier-mediated transport, one carrier can transport 1000 glucose molecules per __________________ across the membrane.

second

Carrier molecules exhibit ______________.

specificity and saturation

Cotransport is carried out by a(n) ______________.

symport

The driving force for diffusion is

the kinetic energy of the molecules in motion

The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell is

tonicity

The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell is ___________

tonicity

The concentration of solutes in a cell affects the fluid volume and pressure within the cell. This is referred to as the _______________ of the solution

tonicity

The concentration of solutes in a cell affects the fluid volume and pressure within the cell. This is referred to as the ________________________of the solution.

tonicity

A carrier that transports only one type of solute at a time is called a(n)

uniporters

Osmosis is crucial to the body's

water distribution

A hydration sphere consists of a solute particle surrounded by __________ molecules.

water or H2O

Pinocytosis is also called ________________.

"cell drinking"

Which salt solution would be isotonic to human red blood cells?

0.9%

What is a protein that participates in transmembrane transport called?

A carrier

Water molecules can form a loose reversible relationship with a solute particle by assembling into what?

A hydration sphere

What is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration called?

Diffusion

In which process does a solute bind to a carrier in the plasma membrane that then changes shape and releases the solute to the other side of the membrane?

Carrier-mediated transport