Chapter 3 psychology

Denise has damaged her auditory nerve and now has difficulty understanding what people are saying. Which of the following descriptions explains how that damage impairs her hearing?

Sound messages fail to be transmitted directly to the brain.

ringing or buzzing sensations in the ears may be a sign of a).noise-produced hearing damage b).habituation of the hair cells c).rigidity of the ossicles d). volley theory morbidity e). adaptation to low frequency sound

a).noise-produced hearing damage

the existence of afterimages in complementary colors best supports the ________ theory of color vision a).opponent-process b).place c).vibrational d).hering trichromatic e).photonic

a).opponent-process

An olfactory stimulus travels from receptor to ________. a.olfactory bulb b. thalamus c.amygdala d. pons e. medulla

a.olfactory bulb

changes focal distance of the eye

lens

focuses on light in the back of the eye (retina)

lens

Part of the ear that helps maintain balance

semicircular glands

Which of the following is the process of detecting environmental stimuli and converting them into signals that can be detected by the nervous system?

sensation

Which of the following is the correct order of the eye-to-brain pathway of vision?

Retina, optic nerve, thalamus, occipital lobe

which of the following properties of sound would be the most similar to the color or hue of light a). pitch b).loudness c).purity d).timbre e).amplitude

a). pitch

Which of the following scenarios is the best example of synesthesia?

Anastasia sees swirls of color when she hears music because stimulation of one sensory pathway leads to the experience of another sensation.

Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of interposition?

Because the chair partially obscured his view of the sofa, Brendan perceived the chair as being closer than the sofa.

Dr. Ramen recruited 100 adults to participate in her study. The taste buds of each participant were measured, and the participants tasted a number of foods. She found there was a relationship between the size of a participant's taste buds and the number of foods that a participant could taste. What research method did Dr. Ramen use, and what was she most likely studying?

Correlational; the sensitivity of supertasters

Kimmie stood on the sidewalk rather than crossing the street because she saw that the approaching car was quite close to her. Which of the following concepts is best illustrated in this example?

Depth perception

Which of the following best illustrates the most predictable effect of schemas on perception?

Grant has more difficulty recognizing a penguin as a bird than he does a blue jay.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the opponent-process theory of color vision?

Kayla sees afterimages of opposing colors when she stares at a poster for a long time.

According to the gate control theory of pain, which of the following contains a neurological gate that controls the transmission of pain messages to the brain?

Nociceptors

Helena did not recognize her English teacher when she unexpectedly saw him while traveling in Paris, even though she knew him well back in the classroom. The fact that Helena can recognize her teacher back home more easily than in Paris best demonstrates what concept?

Perceptual set

In a study on taste, what would researchers need to do to test participants' ability to distinguish umami from similar sensations?

Place disks soaked in MSG on the participants' tongues. Then replace those disks with disks that have been soaked in water. Compare the participants' reactions.

Human tactile sense is actually a mix of which of the following distinct skin senses?

Pressure, warmth, cold, pain

Which of the following anatomical structures is involved in the vestibular sense?

Semicircular canals

Which of the following concepts refers to the diminished sensitivity to a stimulus that occurs due to constant exposure to that stimulus?

Sensory adaptation

Marlene had an infection that led to deafness in her left ear. Which of the following will be the most likely impact of losing her hearing in her left ear?

She will have trouble locating the source of sounds.

Tracey was in pain from an ear infection, which her doctor said was in her inner ear. Which of the following is the most likely location of the infection?

The cochlea

Orville is talking with his friends at a cafeteria table when suddenly he is distracted by hearing his name at a neighboring table. Orville's shift of attention most clearly illustrates which psychological concept?

The cocktail party phenomenon

Which of the following is the best definition for absolute threshold?

The lowest strength of a stimulus that a person can detect 50% of the time

A researcher wants to study the human sense of taste over a life span. The researcher has a group of participants taste foods that are salty, bitter, sweet, sour, and umami. Which study would best allow the researcher to test the sensation of taste as people age, and what is the likely outcome?

The researcher follows the same group of people over the course of 40 years. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds throughout the 40 years. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste diminishes and their number of taste buds decreases.

Bryan perceived a duck instead of other animals when viewing an ambiguous image because he watched a documentary about ducks the previous night. Which of the following best explains why Bryan perceived a duck?

Top-down processing, because his perception of the duck was influenced by past experience.

the point at which a person can detect a stimulus of the time it is presented is called the a). absolute threshold b). range threshold c). differential threshold d).noticeable threshold e). distributed threshold

a). absolute threshold

_______ is a term used to refer to difficulties in hearing a). hearing impairment b).timbre blindness c).acoustic stiffness d).volley involution e). subsonic preception

a). hearing impairment

peoples tendency to perceive things a certain way because their previous experiences or expectations influence them is called a. a perceptual set b. binocular disparity c. motion parallax d. accommodation e. phi phenomenon

a. a perceptual set

the cocktail party effect shows a. how people have the ability to focus attention on a specific stimulus while filtering out a myriad of other stimuli b. how people react to social situations that include close friends c. how researchers explain the difference between the content of formal and causal conversations in social settings d. how those who attend a party are more attentive to others in attendance than a host or hostess

a. how people have the ability to focus attention on a specific stimulus while filtering out a myriad of other stimuli

one cultural factor that influences perception is the a. level of technological development b. nutritional value of available food c. level of attention to environmental issues d. need for improved medical care e. difference between use of monocular versus binocular cues

a. level of technological development

The tendency to interpret an object as always being the same size regardless of its distance from the viewer is a. size constancy b.shape constancy c. brightness constancy d. color constancy e. depth constancy

a. size constancy

cochlear implants bypass the a) outer ear and inner ear b) outer and middle ear c) outer, middle, and inner ear d) middle and inner ear e) inner ear only

b) outer and middle ear

If you stared at a picture for a long period of time, you might think the image of the picture would fade due to sensory adaptation. This would be the case except for the tiny vibrations of your eye called a) glissades. b) saccades. c) habituation movements. d) light wave responses.

b) saccades.

vibrating molecules in that air are called a). light waves b).sound waves c).odor molecules d).taste sensations e). photonic molecules

b).sound waves

which theory proposes that above 400 Hz but below 4,000 Hz, auditory neurons do not fire all at once but in rotation a). place theory b).volley theory c).frequency theory d).rotational theory e).basilar theory

b).volley theory

closure is the tendency to a. perceive objects or figures on some background b. complete figures that are incomplete c. perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping d. perceive things with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern e.perceive objects moving together as single unit

b. complete figures that are incomplete

Which Gestalt principle is at work in the old phrase, "birds of a feather flock together" a. closure b. similarity c.expectancy d.continuity e. common fate

b. similarity

A recent review of studies on ESP using the ganzfeld procedure concluded that ______. a. no convincing evidence for psychic ability emerged from any of the studies b.no convincing evidence for psychic ability emerged from the majority of studies c. convincing evidence for psychic ability was found in the majority of studies d. convincing evidence for psychic ability was found in virtually all studies e. convincing evidence for psychic ability was found in unflawed studies

b.no convincing evidence for psychic ability emerged from the majority of studies

the "bumps" on the tongue that are visible to the eye are the ________ a) olfactory receptors b) taste buds c) papillae d)taste receptors e) supporting cells

c) papillae

The membrane stretched over the opening to the middle ear is the a) pinna. b) oval window. c) tympanic membrane. d) cochlea.

c) tympanic membrane.

Light is said to have a dual nature, meaning it can be thought of in two different ways. These two ways are a). particles and photons b). waves and frequencies c). photons and waves d). dark light and daylight e). ultra and infra

c). photons and waves

Visual distance and depth cues that require the use of both eyes are called a. monocular cues b. diocular cues c. binocular cues d. dichromatic cues e. inocular cues

c. binocular cues

which is the best description of the vestibular senses? a. having to do with touch, pressure, temperature, and pain b. having to do with location of the body parts in relation to the ground and to each other c. having to do with movement and body position d.having to do with your location as compared to the position of the e.having to do with the combination of smell and taste

c. having to do with movement and body position

what might be the best explanation of motion sickness, according to your textbook a. the conflict between vision and vestibular organs b. fluid circulating in the semicircular canals c.human evolutionary history in that poisons make us dizzy, so when motion makes us dizzy we try to expel the poison d. the sensation of fullness in the digestive system e.sensory confusion between the olfactory bulb and the tympanic membrane

c.human evolutionary history in that poisons make us dizzy, so when motion makes us dizzy we try to expel the poison

Transforms sound into neural message

cochlea

focuses light as it passes through

cornea

If a severe ear infection damages the bones of the middle ear, you may develop _______ hearing impairment. a) nerve b) stimulation c) brain pathway d) conduction e) temporal

d) conduction

The most important role of sensory receptors is to a).coordinate communications within the body b).regulate the body's response to pain c).control skeletal muscle contractions d).convert an external stimulus into an electrical-chemical message the nervous system can use e). interpret electrical=chemical messages within the body

d).convert an external stimulus into an electrical-chemical message the nervous system can use

which is the correct order of the three bones of the middle ear, from the outside in? a).anvil, hammer, stirrup b). hammer, stirrup, anvil c).stirrup, anvil, hammer d).stirrup, hammer anvil e). hammer, anvil, stirrup

e). hammer, anvil, stirrup

the muller-lyer illusion exists in cultures in which there are a. more men than woman b. more women than men c. few buildings d. buildings with a lot of corners e. buildings with a lot of curves

d. buildings with a lot of corners

in gate-control theory, substance P a. opens the spinal gates for pain b.closes the spinal gates for pain c. is unrelated to pain d. is similar in function to endorphins e. is similar in function to dopamine

d. is similar in function to endorphins

which of the following is true about cones a).they are more sensitive to light than rods b).they detect more color in low light c).they operate mainly at night d).they respond only to black and white e). they are found mainly in the center of the eye

e). they are found mainly in the center of the eye

An automobile manufacturer has decided to add a little bit of horsepower to its cars. They have a device that alternates horsepower one unit at a time. Suppose drivers first notice the increase on a 200 horsepower car when it reaches 220 horsepower. How much horsepower must be added to a 150 horsepower car for drivers to notice the difference? a). 5 b). 10 c).20 d).25 e).15

e).15

When light waves enter the eye, they first pass through the a).iris b).lens c).pupil d).optic nerve e).cornea

e).cornea

the ________ theory explains how we hear sounds above 1000 Hz a). amplitude b). frequency c).volley d).adaptive e).place

e).place

We know when we are moving up and down in an elevator because of the movement of tiny crystals in the _______. a. outer ear b. inner ear c. semicircular membrane d. middle ear e. otolith organs

e. otolith organs

entryway for sound waves

ear canal

role is to move sound

ear drum

protects the eye

eyelid

controlls the diameter and size of the pupil; amount of light reaching the retina

iris

muscles change size to control light

iris

sends info to brain

optical nerve (blind spot)

the three bones in ear

ossicles

first part of ear that reacts with sound

pinna

allows light to shine through

pupil

lets light into the eye

pupil

-receives light that the lens has focused -converts light into neural signals

retina