Chapter 3 Quiz

which of the following is NOT a definition of the term culture? ___ anything that humans create ___ the natural environment ___ a set of beliefs, traditions, and practices ___ social categories, ideologies, and symbolic representations that a group of people embrace and identify with

?social categories, ideologies, and symbolic representations that a group of people embrace and identify with

Juan is a college student who loves poetry and art and says he is becoming more cultured as he pursues a broad and pure knowledge of the world. His way of using culture is no longer used by sociologist today. Whose view of culture is Juan emulating? ___ Dalton Conley ___ Matthew Arnold ___ Emile Durkheim ___ Karl Marx

Matthew Arnold

galileo's discovery that the earth revolves around the sun rather than standing at the center of the universe is an example of ____. ___ a shifting ideology ___ cultural relativism ___ a dialectic ___ the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

a shifting ideology

Ideology can be described as ____. ___ an aspect of material culture ___ value-free culture ___ an extreme point of view on a given topic ___ a system of concepts and relationships

a system of concepts and relationships

a society's culture would have the strongest impact on human ____. ___ evolution ___ behavior ___ natural instincts ___ genetics

behavior

The meaning of certain words and the behavior of the members of a subculture (like the goth subculture or the bowling subculture) ____. ___ will be the same for all members of the group ___ can be different within the group ___ will remain consistent for several years and then change across the groups ___ will differ greatly from the dominant culture

can be different within the group

If ____ are abstract standards of right and wrong, then ____ are how they are put into play. ___ norms; values ___ subcultures; countercultures ___ values; norms ___ countercultures; subcultures

countercultures; subcultures

Goth culture tends to exist ____. ___ only in the United Kingdom ___ no more; it died out in the 1990s ___ only in the United States ___ cross-culturally

cross-culturally

Every year, as many as 20,000 devotees of Harley Davidson motorcycles convene in Sturgis, South Dakota. Their numbers frequently overwhelm nearby towns and cities, including that of Mt. Rushmore National Monument. For the typical American tourist visiting the monument at that time, the cultural collision with the Harley biker crowd can be jarring: they can be rebellious, tattooed, openly use marijuana, and more. For the respectful and observant tourist and the emergent sociologist, though, such an encounter is an opportunity to consider a very different group of people by applying ____. ___ different values to one's own life ___ cultural scripts ___ reflection theory ___ cultural relativism

cultural relativism

a common argument made against bans on female genital cutting is that each culture has different values. This argument is an example of ____. ___ subcultures ___ the high/low culture debate ___ cultural relativism ___ cultural scripts

cultural relativism

___ taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgement or assigning value ___ modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural ___ a system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect ___ the distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns of a particular group in society; a group united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meaning specific to the members of that group distinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture of society ___ the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as a member of that society ___ a set of beliefs, traditions, and practices; the sum total of social categories and concepts we embrace in addition to beliefs, behaviors (except instinctual ones), and practices; that which is not the natural environment around us ___ the belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own

cultural relativism cultural scripts ideology subculture socialization culture ethnocentrism

Gendered behaviors, such as wearing dresses and high heels, are examples of learned behaviors that are not natural or universal, and are known as ____. ___ cultural scripts ___ material culture ___ subcultures ___ counterculture

cultural scripts

Your friend Jerome tells you he believes that culture is an innate biological aspect of human societies. Having already taken an introductory sociology class, you argue that modes of behavior and understanding are not universal or natural. Your supporting argument is based on the idea of ____. ___ symbolic culture ___ hegemonic theory ___ subculture theory ___ cultural scripts

cultural scripts

___ to flip fluidly between two or more languages and sets of cultural norms to fit different cultural contexts ___ a system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect ___ modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural ___ moral beliefs ___ the distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns of a particular group in society; a group united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meaning specific to the members of that group distinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture or society ___ taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgement or assigning value

cultural switch ideology cultural scripts values subculture cultural relativism

What is culture? ___ the way of life for a group of people ___ the language and gestures used by a group of people ___ beliefs and traditions that are passed down from one generation to the next ___ culture includes all of the components listed

culture includes all of the components listed

___ doubt, confusion, or anxiety arising from immersion in an unfamiliar culture ___ the time gap between the appearance of a new technology and the words and practices that give it meaning ___ the belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others, and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own ___ values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms ___ the sum of the social categories and concepts we embrace in addition to beliefs, behaviors (except instinctual ones), and the natural environment around us ___ everything that is a part of our constructed, physical environment, including technology

culture shock culture lag ethnocentrism nonmaterial culture culture material culture

When someone uses the mathematical expression "Culture = Human - Nature," they are suggesting the term "culture" is used to ____. ___ denigrate popular (or "mass") culture ___ elevate art over science ___ distinguish what is natural from what is modified or created by humans ___ promote one particular ideology over another

distinguish what is natural from what is modified or created by humans

If a person judges another group by his or her own standards, he or she is being ____. ___ ethnocentric ___ culturally relative ___ realistic ___ symbolic

ethnocentric

The United States has laws that prohibit cockfight. People in Bali might say that people in the United States are ____. ___ ethnocentric ___ culturally advanced ___ more moral ___ from high culture

ethnocentric

Those who believe "Culture = (Superior) Man - (Inferior) Man" have probably adopted a point of view known as ____. ___ cultural relativism ___ structural functionalism ___ symbolic interactionism ___ ethnocentrism

ethnocentrism

Why did industrialization change European culture so dramatically in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? ___ European dominance was now challenged by economic competitors from around the world ___ workers moved to suburban enclaves, which changed the way the schools and social lives were organized ___ expensive, handcrafted goods were now mass-produced and new social classes emerged

expensive, handcrafted goods were now mass-produced and new social classes emerged

Reflection theory is limited because it ____. ___ is limited to a specific time in history ___ fails to take into account why some cultural products have staying power and others fall by the wayside ___ looks only at American culture ___ states that only culture an impact on society

fails to take into account why some cultural products have staying power and others fall by the wayside

When some use the mathematical expression "Culture = Human - Nature," they are suggesting ____. ___ human society is remarkable in how it has come to dominate nature ___ the goal of human existence is to remove any elements of nature from society ___ no way of life is "natural" to anyone; everything is learned from society ___ humans are not part of the natural world

human society is remarkable in how it has come to dominate nature

Climate change has evoked a politically polarized debate in the United States. For many, the cause and effect relationship between human activity and climate change seems obvious based on the science available. For others, such a claim seems ludicrous. While it may seem that climate change is a matter of science, underlying the disagreement are attachments to opposing ____. ___ materialisms ___ religious belief sets ___ fanaticism ___ ideologies

ideologies

An element of nonmaterial culture known as ____ is a system of concepts and relationships sometimes used to understand cause and effect. ___ high art ___ concentric framing ___ cultural relativism ___ ideology

ideology

socialization is the process by which people ____. ___ learn about the social norms of different cultures ___ observe the behavior of others and make a concentrated effort to mimic that behavior ___ examine a wide range of cultural norms and behaviors and select those that seem like the best fit ___ internalize the beliefs, values, and behaviors of a given society and learn to function as a member of that society

internalize the beliefs, values, and behaviors of a given society and learn to function as a member of that society

Karl Marx asserted that culture ____. ___ exists only in capitalist societies ___ is a reflection of the means of production of a particular time ___ is nonexistent in socialist societies ___ creates the way we survive in particular environment

is a reflection of the means of production of a particular time

You are part of a research team that is stationed in Uganda to do sociological surveys on HIV/AIDS. It is a two-year assignment, and you are there with your spouse, a same-sex married partner of eight years. You are aware that in Uganda, the parliament passed a bill in 2009 criminalizing homosexuality, punishable by death. This was later changed to life imprisonment. Attitudes in the country are not favorable toward homosexuality, and while you are safe in your living quarters and have not experienced difficulties in daily life, you are always on guard. As you complete your work, and begin the write-up, you have to work hard to ____. ___ make sure your own beliefs about same-sex relationships do not enter your writing ___ ensure that the Ugandan government approves of all your data ___ avoid being outed (detected) as a same-sex couple ___ disseminate your data to all of y

make sure your own beliefs about same-sex relationships do not enter your writing

Everything in our constructed environment, including technology, buildings, furniture, clothing, and books, is part of our ____. ___ material culture ___ counterculture ___ subculture ___ nonmaterial culture

material culture

which of the following is the best example of material culture? ___ behavior ___ values ___ money ___ norms

money

Sociologically speaking, values can be defined as ____. ___ symbolic representation ___ moral beliefs ___ cultural norms ___ material culture

moral beliefs

sociologically speaking, values can be defined as ____. ___ material culture ___ symbolic representations ___ cultural norms ___ moral beliefs

moral beliefs

One of the two main categories of culture that includes values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors is known as ____. ___ nonmaterial culture ___ subculture ___ material culture ___ counterculture

nonmaterial culture

Ideologies are ____. ___ systems that remain constant over time ___ no longer existent in modern societies ___ often brought into question when certain aspects of that ideology are challenged ___ systems that change only when massive revolutions take place in particular societies

often brought into question when certain aspects of that ideology are challenged

Low culture such as hip-hop music is also known as ____. ___ pop (or popular) culture ___ cultural relativism ___ counterculture ___ cultural scripts

pop (or popular) culture

Women's bodies have been a central preoccupation in the United States for quite some time. Certain ideals seem the most highly valued: thinness, fitness, skin tone, and so forth. Reflection theory suggests that this obsession with the "perfect female body" emerges from the innate nature of our social structures and the kinds of relationships we seek and value: we want to be with people who meet this standard of perfection. That is, the culture of women's bodies is a result of our own proclivities, and not of the way in which women are depicted in the media. The primary difficulty with this idea is that it ____. ___ presumes culture is a one-way process ___ ignores differences found in other cultures ___ presumes that women's bodies are essential to a functioning society ___ sets up a conflict between men and women

presumes culture is a one-way process

What is cultural relativism? ___ recognizing differences across cultures without judging those differences as positive or negative ___ the process of systematically comparing two cultures in order to catalog their differences ___ a theory about how cultures influence one another ___ the notion that some cultures are more developed than others

recognizing differences across cultures without judging those differences as positive or negative

The idea that culture is a projection of social structures and relationships is fundamental to which of the following theories? ___ cultural relativism ___ conflict theory ___ functionalism ___ reflection theory

reflection theory

___ the idea that culture is a projection of social structures and relationships into the public sphere, a screen onto which the film of the underlying reality or social structures of a society is projected ___ how value tell us to behave ___ the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society

reflection theory norms socialization

Which of the following has NOT been cited as a limitation of reflection theory? ___ reflection theory does not account for the constructed nature of culture ___ reflection theory does not explain why some cultural productions stick around while others fall to the wayside ___ reflection theory does not consider culture's impact on society ___ reflection theory does not explain why the same product changes meaning over time

reflection theory does not account for the constructed nature of culture

Some businesses in the United States, especially food-service establishments, will post a sign that reads, "No shirt, no shoes, no service." This is an example of which of the following? ___ establishment of a shared value ___ reinforcement of a cultural norm ___ enforcement of a subculture ___ manifestation of material culture

reinforcement of a cultural norm

As a budding sociologist, you decide to study American politics by attending presidential caucuses. Your personal affiliation is that of a liberal independent, and you are interested in the process from many different perspectives. Your first stop is at a caucus for Republican candidates. Everyone in the audience is passionate about their beliefs, and you find yourself swept up in the process, reacting somewhat strongly to ideas that you see as extreme. In developing the paper discussing your study results, what is one of the major obstacles you must overcome to produce a well-balanced, objective study? ___ remembering that everyone, including yourself, is raised into a system of beliefs that influences our thinking and perceptions ___ making sure you attend an equal number of caucuses on all sides of the political spectrum ___ determining the actual party affiliation of the people you interview ___ ensuring the names and identifying information of the people you interview is kept completely confidential

remembering that everyone, including yourself, is raised into a system of beliefs that influences our thinking and perceptions

Those who believe "Culture = Man - Machine" probably think that artists are supposed to ____. ___ depict a "pure" nature that is untouched by human society ___ provide photo-realistic depictions of humanity ___ critique human society for its failures to live up to its ideals ___ represent the ideal within the realm of the real

represent the ideal within the realm of the real

The experience of internalizing a culture's norms, values, and the like, is known as ____. ___ ideology ___ hegemony ___ socialization ___ reflection

socialization

When some use the mathematical expression "Culture = (Superior) Man - (Inferior) Man," they are suggesting ____. ___ women have no role to play in defining culture ___ some ways of life are better than others, and "civilized" peoples set the examples that "savages" strive for ___ the best way to characterize society is by looking at "popular" (or "mass") culture ___ the value of a society can be measured by how much human technology has come to dominate nature

some ways of life are better than others, and "civilized" peoples set the examples that "savages" strive for

which of the following is the best example of nonmaterial culture? ___ spirituality ___ a garden ___ a buddhist temple ___ a music website

spirituality

Skateboarding is a popular pastime among the youth in larger urban settings. Even within the activity, there are distinct variations on how it's done, -- street versus vert, and so on. There is a large lexicon of terms and phrases, and these can vary over locale. Skaters are a kind of ____. ___ subculture ___ minority group ___ cultural majority ___ ethnic group

subculture

The various musical genres and the groups inspired by them, such as post-punk music and goths, are examples of which of the following? ___ subcultures ___ high cultures ___ socialization ___ postmodernism

subcultures

while they are sometimes difficult to define, ____ are smaller subgroups within a larger dominant society united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meanings specific to the members of that group. ___ subcultures ___ high cultures ___ minicultures ___ low cultures

subcultures

studying the changing meanings of the "yellow ribbon" shows us that ____. ___ there is a big difference between "ideal culture" and "real culture" ___ symbols don't have a large impact on culture ___ material culture is much more important than nonmaterial culture ___ symbols can be very powerful, but they might have different meanings in different contexts

symbols can be very powerful, but they might have different meanings in different contexts

Ruth Benedict, in her 1934 book Patterns of Culture, coined the term cultural relativism, which means ____. ___ creating culture that is similar to other cultures ___ taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgement or assigning value ___ the individuals will ignore the behavior of others if it is not consistent with the values of their own group ___ the groups will become more similar as they mature

taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgement or assigning value

acronyms and emoticons, such as LOL, ;-), and LMAO, demonstrate that ____. ___ kids will do anything to keep secrets from their parents ___ language, like other ideas, is universally understood ___ technology itself can generate ideas and concepts ___ language is the direct result of technological and cultural constraints

technology itself can generate ideas and concepts

Until Europeans came into contact with non-Westerner societies, they tended to see their culture as ____. ___ fluid, based on the social class distinctions ___ the only way to live ___ needing change ___ inferior to non-Western cultures

the only way to live

During the 1800s, culture was defined by Matthew Arnold as "the pursuit of perfection and broad knowledge of the world." Sociologists today define culture as ____. ___ only the nonmaterial aspects of people's lives, like values and norms ___ the sum total of beliefs, behaviors, and practices that humans create to adapt to the environment around them ___ an ideal, something opposed to the real world in which we live ___ only the material aspects of people's lives, those created by humans to adapt to the environment around them

the sum total of beliefs, behaviors, and practices that humans create to adapt to the environment around them

The study of culture tells us that ____. ___ most cultures don't understand the meaning of morals ___ the way "our" culture lives tends to be the most efficient ___ there are many ways to view the same symbol ___ most foreign cultures are primitive

there are many ways to view the same symbol

the study of culture tells us that ____. ___ there are many ways to view the same symbol ___ most foreign cultures are primitive ___ the way "our" culture lives tends to be the most efficient ___ most cultures don't understand the meaning of morals

there are many ways to view the same symbol

the word culture derives from the latin word colere, which means ____. ___ a plan of action ___ cult ___ ideology ___ to cultivate

to cultivate

nonmaterial culture includes ____. ___ anything from the natural environment ___ literature and historical texts ___ values, beliefs, and social norms ___ technological innovations

values, beliefs, and social norms

If ____ are abstract cultural beliefs, then ____ are how they are put into play. ___ values; norms ___ countercultures; subcultures ___ subcultures; countercultures ___ norms; values

values; norms

which of the following is always a cultural behavior? ___ sleeping ___ breathing ___ waving good-bye ___ blinking

waving good-bye

which of the following is an example of using cultural relativism to think about cultural differences? ___ you read about an indigenous group in South America that still hunts with bows and arrows and your reaction is that they should use better technology ___ you love sushi and see the influence of japanese culture on the United States as a positive thing ___ you see a news story about a country where people often eat spicy seafood dishes in the morning and then wonder what people there would think of eating chocolate-flavored cereal and milk for breakfast ___ you are greatly offended when a classmate from Bangladesh describes her sister's arranged marriage and you think that you would never let your parents choose you spouse.

you see a news story about a country where people often eat spicy seafood dishes in the morning and then wonder what people there would think of eating chocolate-flavored cereal and milk for breakfast