Chapter 3

For apparently healthy individuals under 45 years of age, the risk of participation in activity and fitness programs can be substantially reduced with inexpensive preparticipation health screening. Canadian researchers have developed the ___________________________________ to identify the small number of adults for whom physical activity might be inappropriate or those who should have medical advice before participation.

PAR-Q

The variability in a population is defined by a statistic called the standard deviation (SD): _____ percent of all cases fall within plus or minus 1 SD, 95 percent within plus or minus 2 SD, and 99 percent within plus or minus 3 SD.

68%

Higher- _______________ exercise above the standard prescription will further reduce LDL and improve HDL cholesterol.

Aerobic

If a person has LDL of >___________mg/dL, he is said to have high LDL cholesterol.

130mg/dL

______ minutes of moderate daily aerobic activity will lower LDL a modest amount.

150 mins per week

A gradually increased exercise challenge known as a _______________ can detect indications of previously undiagnosed heart disease.

Aerobic and Resistance training

List the "stop signs" that suggest you should stop exercise and consult your physician before resuming.

Abnormal heartbeat, pain or pressure in the middle of the chest or throat and dizziness, lightheadedness, sudden loss of coordination

Describe the recommended exercise and diet necessary to lower elevated blood cholesterol.

About 150 mins a week of aerobic and resistance training along with eating plenty of fiber and cutting excess saturated fats will lower blood LDL

Discuss Dr. Per Olaf Åstrand's statement: "As a general rule, moderate activity is less harmful to the health than inactivity. You could also put it this way: A medical examination is more urgent for those who plan to remain inactive than for those who intend to get into good physical shape!"

Dr. Per Olaf Åstrand's statement explains that if you continue to stay inactive its more crucial to get an examination that someone who plans to start working out

Define good health.

Good health can be broken up into many things, but main principles suggest being aware of your bodys needs and how to keep your body in good condition

Discuss the steps sedentary individuals should take prior to engaging in vigorous physical activity.

Sedentary people should start with moderate anerobic exercises before engaging in vigorous physical activities.

Discuss why false-positive and false-negative tests for coronary heart disease are disturbing.

The reason they are so odd is because they are so uncommon because there is a high negative predictive value

The variability in a population is defined by a statistic called the standard deviation (SD): Discuss the standard deviation within maximal heart rate and what significance the SD might have on stress testing and exercise prescription.

The standard deviation within maximal heart rate is 7 to 11 beats per minute. The significance is that depending on the beats/minute will be the outcome of the stress test and exercise prescription.

A resting ECG is an excellent (specific) test for predicting an impending myocardial infarction (heart attack). a. True b. False

a. True

Aerobic exercise combined with weight loss is recommended for the management of elevated blood pressure in sedentary, overweight individuals. a. True b. False

a. True

For healthy adults, the benefits of an annual physical exam may not justify the financial cost. a. True b. False

a. True

High blood pressure is a leading cause of varicose veins. a. True b. False

a. True

High-density cholesterol (HDL) is considered a good carrier of cholesterol. a. True b. False

a. True

High-density cholesterol (HDL) of >60 mg/dL is considered desirable. a. True b. False

a. True

Higher blood triglycerides are associated with high risk of coronary heart disease. a. True b. False

a. True

If a person has HDL cholesterol of 75 mg/dL and total cholesterol of 300 mg/dL, she would have a risk ratio of four, putting her at high risk. a. True b. False

a. True

Low homocysteine and C-reactive protein values in the blood are associated with an increased risk of heart attack. a. True b. False

a. True

People with high blood pressure should restrict dietary salt, reduce their weight, and increase physical activity. a. True b. False

a. True

Standard deviation (SD) is a useful statistics tool, because all cases that fall within plus or minus 1 SD are considered statistically significant. a. True b. False

a. True

The U.S. spends nearly twice as much as the average industrialized nation on health care but in 2000 ranked 37th in overall health care quality. a. True b. False

a. True

The electrocardiogram records the heart's electrical activity. a. True b. False

a. True

The variability in maximal heart rate, as defined by a statistic called the standard deviation (SD), is plus or minus 12 beats per minute and, to make matters more confusing, the standard deviation for maximal heart rate goes up to 15 beats per minute for older people. a. True b. False

a. True

A diagnostic test in medicine can have either a correct or incorrect result. Which of the following terms is correct? a. True positive: The results of a diagnostic test say a patient has a disease, and the results of the test are further verified. b. False positive: The results of a diagnostic test say a patient does not have a disease, and the results of the test are further verified. c. True negative: The results of a diagnostic test say a patient has a disease, and the results of the test are shown to be wrong after further testing. d. False negative: The results of a diagnostic test say a patient does not have a disease, and the results of the test are further verified.

a. True positive: The results of a diagnostic test say a patient has a disease, and the results of the test are further verified.

For apparently healthy individuals under 45 years of age, the risk of participation in activity and fitness programs is not reduced when using inexpensive preparticipation health screening. a. True b. False

b. False

In older men, aggressive treatment of prostate cancer (surgery, radiation) is nearly always superior to delaying treatment. a. True b. False

b. False

The World Health Organization ranked the U.S. health care system number 1 in the world in 2000. a. True b. False

b. False

4. Which statement about blood pressure is false? a. Normal systolic blood pressure is <130 mmHg. b. Individuals with prehypertension should see their doctor about medication. c. Hypertension is considered to start at a systolic BP of >140 mmHg. d. Aerobic exercise combined with weight loss is recommended for the management of elevated blood pressure in sedentary, overweight individuals

b. Individuals with prehypertension should see their doctor about medication.

7. Which of the following is correct about cholesterol levels and coronary artery risk? a. Total cholesterol of >240 mg/100 ml puts a person at high risk of CAD. b. Low-density cholesterol (LDL) is optimal at <130 mg/100 ml. c. High-density cholesterol (HDL) is desirable <40 mg/100 ml. d. Higher ratios of total cholesterol to HDL are desirable.

b. Low-density cholesterol (LDL) is optimal at <130 mg/100 ml.

2. Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria for using an early detection test for disease or a medical condition? a. The disease has a significant effect on the quality of life. b. The cost of the treatment justifies the screening. c. Early treatment yields a superior result. d. Detection tests are available at reasonable cost. e. The incidence of the disease in the population is sufficient to justify the cost of screening.

b. The cost of the treatment justifies the screening.

3. Which of the following tests failed to meet the criteria of a good screening tool? a. pap smears b. breast examinations for breast cancer c. x-rays for lung cancer d. blood pressure tests

b. breast examinations for breast cancer

6. Which of the following statements about cholesterol is false? a. High cholesterol is a heart disease risk factor. b. Dietary cholesterol is found only in foods from animal sources. c. If you don't ingest much cholesterol, you may have to supplement cholesterol. d. While desirable total cholesterol is <200 mg/100 ml, the ideal total cholesterol is <150 mg/100 ml. e. Cholesterol levels that remain above 240 after dietary, exercise, and weight-loss interventions may require drug therapy, especially if other risk factors are present.

c. If you don't ingest much cholesterol, you may have to supplement cholesterol.

Which statement about standard deviation (SD) is false? a. It measures the estimated variability of a variable, such as maximal heart rate, within a sample. b. Sixty-eight percent of all cases fall within plus or minus one (1) SD. c. One hundred percent of all cases fall within two (2) SD.

c. One hundred percent of all cases fall within two (2) SD.

1. Which statement about early detection of disease is false? a. Early detection will improve the prognosis for recovery. b. Early detection nearly always improves medical outcomes. c. If the disease can be transmitted (for instance, AIDS) and its spread can be limited, early detection makes sense from a public health standpoint. d. Early detection is meaningless if no effective treatment for the disease is available.

d. Early detection is meaningless if no effective treatment for the disease is available.

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for ending a stress test? a. when the subject's blood pressure drops as exercise load increases b. when the subject has chest pain c. when the subject is dizzy and staggering d. when the subject has major changes in ECG, suggesting heart disease or other problems e. at 70 percent of maximal heart rate if no other criteria have been reached by that time

d. when the subject has major changes in ECG, suggesting heart disease or other problems

9. When indicated by known cardiac, pulmonary, or metabolic disease, the American Heart Association (AHA) and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommend a preparticipation medical exam that includes which of the following? a. echocardiogram b. chest x-ray c. pulmonary breath tests d. ECG-monitored exercise test (stress test) e. percentage of body fat

dECG-monitored exercise test (stress test)

Normal blood pressure is defined as

diastolic

8. You do not need to consider a medical examination before engaging in a vigorous exercise program if a. you are a male over 45 or a female above 55 years of age b. you have been sedentary c. you are concerned about your health d. you have one or several primary risk factors for heart disease (hypertension, elevated cholesterol, cigarette smoking, or inactivity) e. you are moderately active but a little overweight

e. you are moderately active but a little overweight

5. Recommendations concerning regular medical examination include all of the following except a. regular checkups during pregnancy b. at around 4 or 5 years of age c. at around 18 and again at 25 years of age d. every 5 years between ages 35 and 65 e. every 2 years after age 65

every 2 years after age 65

Studies indicate that the _________ the LDL cholesterol level, the better for heart health.

lower

If you have tried lifestyle changes and your systolic blood pressure remains >160 mmHg during several tests, you should definitely

monitor your blood pressure on a consistent basis & may be advisable to speak to you doctor about medication that would lower your blood pressure.

High blood pressure is defined a

systolic

Discuss the theory promoted by the text about who, why, and when individuals might be encouraged to receive health screening tests.

who: people who seem healthy to try to find unnoticed problems why: the convenience of screening site locations, affordability and other considerations related to healthcare providers and diagnostic facilities when: detect potential health disorders or diseases in people who do not have any symptoms of disease