Chapter 3
The chemical elements were arranged into columns having similar _____ _____.
chemical properties
The arrangement of electrons in an atom determines its (identity, chemical properties)
chemical property
The periodic table gives information about trends in the c____ and p____ properties of the elements.
chemical, physical
The size of an orbital (increases, decreases) as the Shell quantum number increases.
increases
Orbitals fill in order of (decreasing, increasing) energy, with no more than two electrons per orbital.
increasing
The chemical properties of elements 9, 17, and 35 demonstrate this principle.
periodic law
The properties of the elements repeat at regular intervals as the atomic numbers increase.
periodic law
Attempts to classify the elements led to the _____ _____.
periodic table
Electron configuration is related to an elements position in the ____ ___.
periodic table
Important information about each element is given by the _____ _____.
periodic table
The p____ and c____ properties of elements within a group are similar.
physical, chemical
In the Bohr model, electrons can be compared to ________ in the solar system.
planets
All atoms are made up of small particles called _________ _______.
subatomic particles
In an electron configuration, the number of electrons in an orbital is given by the superscript. (true, false)
true
Non-metals can be either gases or solids. (true, false)
true
How many electrons are in the HIGHEST energy shell for elements in group IIA?
2
How many electrons are in the second energy shell for beryllium (Be)?
2
How many laws was Dalton's atomic theory able to explain?
2
How many subshells or different orbital shapes are there for an electron in shell 2?
2
How many unpaired electrons are present in the orbital diagram for an atom whose electron configuration is 1s22s22p4 ?
2
How many unpaired electrons are there in a carbon atom in its ground state?
2
What is the maximum number of electrons an orbital can hold?
2
Mendeleev constructed a _____ table of the elements.
periodic
The shape of a 1s orbital is?
spherical
All elements in group IA have __ outer "s" electron.
1
How many electrons are in the HIGHEST energy shell (outer-most shell) of hydrogen, lithium, sodium, and potassium?
1
Which shell contains electrons of lowest energy? (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
1
Energy shells are given numbers from _____ to _____.
1, 7
1. Has Mendeleev's original periodic table been modified? (yes, no) 2. A period always starts with an a___ metal and ends with a n____ g__. 3. An element cannot be man-made? (true, false) 4. The halogen elements are always colored. (true, false) 5. Most metals are (colored, gray, dull, brittle).
1. Yes 2. alkali, noble gas 3. false 4. true 5. gray
How many elements are between calcium (Ca) and gallium (Ga)?
10
How many elements are there from scandium to zinc?
10
Cu + S = CuS 66.5g 33.5g ? How many grams of copper sulfide (CuS) will be produced in the above reaction?
100.0 g
The compound CaS contains 55.6% calcium and 44.4% sulfur. Therefore, 100 g of CaS contains 55.6 g of calcium and 44.4 g of sulfur. 200 g of CaS would contain how many grams of; calcium _______ g sulfur _______ g
111.2, 88.8
Carbon has 6 protons. Most carbon atoms also contain 6 neutrons. What is the mass number of most carbon atoms?
12
How many elements should correspond to the 14 electrons needed to fill the 4f orbitals?
14
How many electrons can the third shell (n = 3) hold?
18
The third shell can hold how many electrons?
18
Which shell and orbital has the lowest energy?
1s
Give the electron configuration for neon. List superscript numbers in ( ).
1s(2) 2s(2) 2p(6)
For the f area the shell number is equal to the period number minus __ (number).
2
How many different ways are used to classify the elements?
2
Beryllium has four electrons. In which orbital will the last electron of beryllium be found?
2s
How many different kinds of neon atoms are there?
3
How many electrons can the fourth shell hold?
32
How many total electrons can Shell 4 accommodate?
32
What is the maximum number of electrons the 4th shell can hold?
32
What is the order of filling for the 5th arrow?
3d, 4p, 5s
Which orbitals will contain electrons that are held the weakest; 2s or 3s?
3s
What period is calcium (Ca) a member of?
4
How many electrons are in carbon's 2nd shell? How many total electrons does carbon have?
4, 6
If pure water always contains 88.8% oxygen and 11.2% hydrogen by mass, how many grams of oxygen are in 50.0 g of water
44.4 g
A sample of the compound CaS contains 5 g calcium and 4 g sulfur. The percent calcium is: (5/9)*100 = 55.6% What will the percent sulfur be in CaS?
44.4%
What subshell is being filled for the rare earth or lanthanide elements?
4f
The last electron in a potassium atom occupies which orbital?
4s
Which subshell has lower energy; 4s or 3d?
4s
How many key concepts are in the atomic theory of matter?
5
How many valence electrons does phosphorus have?
5
s-subshells can hold 2 electrons - an s-subshell has 1 orbital. p-subshells can hold 6 electrons - a p-subshell has 3 orbitals. d-subshells can hold 10 electrons - a d-subshell has 5 orbitals. f-subshells can hold 14 electrons - an f-subshell has 7 orbitals. The 4d subshell has how many orbitals ___ and how many electrons ___?
5, 10
The composition of sulfur dioxide (SO2) is 32 parts by mass sulfur and 32 parts by mass oxygen. What is the percent sulfur in a molecule of sulfur dioxide. Hint: S% = (weight sulfur/total weight)*100
50%
What are the subshells that contain distinguishing electrons for elements in period 5, listed in order of how the subshells fill or increasing energy of the subshells?
5s, 4d, 5p
Carbon atoms have six protons. What is the atomic number of carbon?
6
A + B = C + D 12 g of A reacts with 8 g of B to produce 14 g of C. Based on the law of conservation of matter, how many grams of D will be produced?
6 g
How many periods or rows are there in the periodic table?
7
What orbital is filling before the actinide orbitals are filled? (Refer to the Aufbau diagram)
7s
How many electrons are in the third shell for argon (Ar)?
8
How many electrons can the second energy shell hold?
8
Which is the most common noble gas in the earth's atmosphere? (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe)
Ar
Which alkaline earth is most reactive? (Be, Ca, Sr, Ba)
Ba
What alkaline earth metals are used to make glass? (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra)
Ca, Ba
What halogens are used as disinfectants? (F, Cl, Br, I)
Cl, I
Which of the following elements would you expect to have similar chemical and physical properties? Li, Be, F, S, Cl
F, Cl
Chlorine is often used to kill bacteria in drinking water. According to the periodic law, which of the following elements could also be used for this same purpose? (I, N, Mg)
I
What group is silicon (Si) a member of?
IVA
Sodium is a very soft reactive metal that burns when placed in water. What other element would have these same properties? (Fe, Mg, K)
K
What alkali metals are used in medicine? (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr)
Li, K
What are the two common alkaline earth metals? (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra)
Mg, Ca
Which of the following elements would you expect to have similar chemical and physical properties? Na, Ca, Cu, K, As, Br
Na, K
Mass number - Atomic number=
Neutron number
What is fluorine's (F) group number? How many electrons are in the outermost shell of fluorine? How many valence electrons does fluorine have?
VIIA, 7, 7
The simplified electron configuration for calcium is ____.
[Ar]4s(2)
What is the electron configuration for nickel?
[Ar]4s(2)3d(8)
Write the electron configuration for Mg using the nearest smaller noble gas notation.
[Ne]3s(2)
An element's atomic weight is determined from the natural _______ and atomic ______ of its isotopes.
abundance, mass
Electron shells have an (exact, approximate) distance from the nucleus.
approximate
In an orbital diagram, the number of electrons is given by the number of ____
arrows
What is the smallest indivisible particle of matter?
atom
all matter is made up very small particles called
atom
Because atoms are so small, their mass is given in ______ ______ ______.
atomic mass units
Periodic trends in the elements depend on the a____ n____.
atomic number
The number of protons and electrons in an atom equals the _______ _________.
atomic number
The number of protons in an atom is given by the ______ ________.
atomic number
The key concepts that describe atoms are known as the __
atomic theory of matter
The average of an element's isotope masses is known as the _______ __________.
atomic weight
The periodic chart lists each element's ______ _________.
atomic weight
Two numbers are needed to specify the composition of an atom. These two numbers are a_____ number and m____ number.
atomic, mass
Based on the first concept, _______ make up all types of matter.
atoms
all matter is made up of _______.
atoms
Alkali is another word for ______.
base
More electrons are in shells with (bigger, smaller) shell numbers.
bigger
Based on the fifth concept, atoms (can, cannot) be broken down into smaller parts when they are rearranged in a chemical reaction.
cannot
When Mendeleev and Meyer arranged the elements in increasing atomic weight they observed that the c____ and p____ properties repeated themselves several times.
chemical, physical
You would expect the elements in Group VIIIA to have similar c____ and p____ properties.
chemical, physical
In the periodic table, elements with similar properties are found in (columns, rows).
columns
Compounds that contain alkali metals are (common, rare)
common
The composition of pure substances is (constant, variable).
constant
Electrons in atoms must be in the _________ energy shell.
correct
Elements in the 4th column of the d area of the periodic table will have electron configurations ending in ___ .
d(4)
For subshell 4d, list the subshell ___, shell number ___.
d, 4
The law of definite proportions states that the elements in a compound are always present in _________ _________, regardless of how the compound was made or where the compound is found.
definite proportion
Halogens form ______ molecules in the gaseous phase.
diatomic
Isotope abundance is usually (the same, different).
different
The compound CaS always contains 5 grams of calcium (Ca) to 4 grams of sulfur (S). The calcium to sulfur mass (or weight) ratio is fixed: 5/4 = 1.25. If the amount of calcium is doubled then the amount of sulfur will also ________.
double
The smallest and lightest subatomic particle is the
electron
The specific location of an element in the periodic table gives information about its e____ c_____.
electron configuration
Electron orbitals that have approximately the same energy are grouped into _____ ___.
electron shells
An atom's size is determined by the (electrons, protons, nucleus).
electrons
The properties of an element are determined by the arrangement of its ____________ around the nucleus.
electrons
The properties of the elements repeat themselves because of the repeating arrangement of _________ around the nucleus.
electrons
What are the three types of subatomic particles?
electrons, protons, neutrons
In an atom, electrons occupy mostly ________ space.
empty
Electrons located within a specific subshell region have the same ___________.
energy
Electrons are found in orbits called ________ _______.
energy levels
The amount of _________ determines the most ________ location of an electron in the modern atomic model.
energy, probable
The number of electrons and protons in an atom are _____.
equal
The weight of the products of a chemical reaction will (equal, be different than) the weight of the reactants.
equal
In a neutral atom, the number of protons _______ the number of electrons.
equals
When an electron "jumps" to a higher orbital by absorbing a photon of appropriate energy, the atom will be in a (ground, excited) state.
excited
Which subshell has the highest energy and size (s, p, d, f)?
f
The higher the number of an electron shell the (closer, farther) the electron shell is from the nucleus.
farther
The larger the quantum number for an electron orbit the (closer, farther) it is from the nucleus.
farther
Look at lithium (Li), atomic number 3. It has three electrons. Two electrons will be in the (first, second) energy shell and the third electron will be in the (first, second) energy shell.
first, second
The last electron for potassium or calcium will go into what shell?
fourth
The law of conservation of matter states that matter is neither lost nor _______ in a _________ reaction.
gained, chemical
A vertical arrangement of elements in the periodic table.
group
The element beryllium is the first member of this arrangement.
group
The elements fluorine (F) and chlorine (Cl) have similar properties because they are in the same (group, period).
group
The elements sodium (Na) and potassium (K) have similar properties because they are in the same (group, period).
group
The elements within a ______ or column have similar but not identical properties.
group
Columns in the periodic table are called _____.
groups
The columns in the periodic table are known as (groups, periods).
groups
The periodic table (groups, separates) elements of similar chemical and physical properties together.
groups
The periodic table _____ the elements according to their chemical and physical properties.
groups
The alkaline earths form oxides which have (low, high) melting points.
high
The chemical properties of an element are determined by the electrons in the (lowest, highest) energy shell.
highest
An element can be _________ by its atomic number.
identified
Atomic mass numbers are not unique because most elements have ________.
isotopes
Atoms having the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are known as _________.
isotopes
The stair-like dark _______ separates the metals from the non-metals.
line
The exact _______ of an electron cannot be determined.
location
The sum of protons and neutrons in a nucleus equals the atomic _____ _________.
mass number
Because neon atoms can have different numbers of neutrons, they will have different (atomic numbers, mass numbers).
mass numbers
The elements can be classified as either m_____ or n________.
metal, non-metal
An electron in shell 1 has the (minimum, maximum) energy that an electron can have.
minimum
Elements can have (only one, more than one) isotope.
more than one
The size of the nucleus compared to the volume occupied by the electrons is? (same, larger, smaller, much smaller)
much smaller
A property that has a repeating pattern would be?
periodic
The elements in the "A" groups are called the Representative Elements. Many of these groups have been given names. The "A" groups have been given special ______.
names
What is the charge on; Electron (zero, negative, positive) Proton (zero, negative, positive) Neutron (zero, negative, positive)
negative, positive, zero
What is the charge on a whole atom?
neutral
Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of (protons, neutrons).
neutrons
Isotope atoms are similar but not identical because they have different numbers of _________.
neutrons
The fundamental difference between isotopes of the same element is the different number of (protons, neutrons) per atom.
neutrons
Are non-metals good conductors of electricity? (yes, no)
no
Are the halogens ever found uncombined in nature? (yes, no)
no
Are the properties of the elements in a period similar? (yes, no)
no
Can the atomic number of an atom be larger than its mass number? (yes, no)
no
Do ALL atomic weights follow the same order as atomic number? (yes, no)
no
Has anyone ever seen an atom with the naked eye? (yes, no)
no
Is the Aufbau order always followed exactly? (yes, no)
no
Will the alkali elements ever be found uncombined in nature? (yes, no)
no
Many different kinds of lights use n____ g____.
noble gases
Identify each of the following elements as a metal or non-metal. Nitrogen _____ Calcium _____ Tin _____ Krypton _____
non-metal metal metal non-metal
All the mass of an atom is found in the _________.
nucleus
The weight of an atom is determined by the ________ and the size of an atom is determined by the (electrons, protons, neutrons).
nucleus, electrons
In the modern periodic table, the elements are arranged according to increasing atomic (number, weight).
number
Orbits or energy levels in the Bohr atom are identified by a quantum ________.
number
Based on the third concept, a substance identity is determined by the n______ and a________ of its atoms.
number, arrangement
The number of neutrons in an atom can be obtained by subtracting the atomic _______ from the _____ ________.
number, mass number
To keep pure samples of the alkali metals from reacting with oxygen or water vapor they must be stored under ______.
oil
The three p orbitals differ from each other only in their o____ in space.
orientation
When atoms come together, only the electrons in the (innermost, outermost) shell interact.
outermost
The electrons which interact when atoms come together are in the __________ shell and are known as __________ electrons.
outermost, valence
Shells greater than 3 have an _________ in their energies.
overlap
Electrons 19 and 20 go into the fourth energy shell because of (overlap between, filled) energy shells.
overlap between
There is a ______ to the properties of the elements in a period.
pattern
A ______ is a horizontal row in the periodic table.
period
A horizontal arrangement of elements in the periodic table.
period
Each horizontal row of the periodic table is called a ______.
period
The nucleus has a (positive, negative) charge.
positive
Mendeleev used the properties of known elements to _____ the properties of unknown elements in the same column
predict
By using the periodic table you can _____ the chemical and physical properties of an _____.
predict, element
All atoms of an element must have the same number of (protons, neutrons).
protons
The identity of an element is determined by the number of ______.
protons
Since the mass of electrons in an atom is negligible, the mass of an atom is determined by the number of p______ and n_______.
protons, neutrons
What theory describes the arrangement of electrons around an atom?
quantum mechanics
In an atom, electrons are always _______-_______ around the nucleus
rapidly moving
Based on the fourth concept, ________ of atoms causes a chemical ________.
rearrangement, change
When the elements are arranged according to increasing atomic weight, the chemical properties are _____.
repeated
When the elements are arranged according to increasing atomic weight, the physical properties are _____.
repeated
The element strontium (Sr) would be classified as a ___________ element. "A" group
representative
The elements in the "A" groups of the periodic table are described as the __________ elements.
representative
The non-metals are on the (right, left) side of the line.
right
Subshell: s p d f Listed in this order, these letters denote subshells of increasing energy and size.
s
In the regions of the periodic table associated with the inner transition elements, which orbitals are being filled?
s and/or p
The halogens when combined with metals produce ______.
salts
Careful analysis of pure compounds will always give the (same, different) ratio for the elements which make up the compound.
same
Isotopes must have the (same, different) number of protons.
same
When building atoms, electrons go into the (same, different) energy shell until it is full.
same
Electrons in an atom are grouped into _______ which have similar energy.
shells
Based on the second concept, we know that atoms of the same element are _______.
similar
Elements in the periodic table are grouped together because they have (similar, different) chemical and physical properties.
similar
The PERIODIC TABLE lists the elements according to their (similar, different) properties.
similar
The elements in a group in the periodic table have (different, similar) properties.
similar
The elements within a group have ______ properties.
similar
The similar outer shell electron arrangement causes the above elements to have ____ chemical properties.
similar
The similar properties of the elements in columns result because of _____ electron configurations.
similar
Mendeleev was trying to group elements with _____ _____ together.
similar properties
The motion of electrons determines the (size, weight) of the extranuclear region.
size
if atoms can break apart there must be something (larger, smaller) than an atom.
smaller
Electrons can have only ________ energies when in different shells.
specific
Quantum mechanics says that electrons can have (any, specific) energies.
specific
What is the observed shape of individual atoms in the "Atom Movie"? (squares, spheres, triangles, boxes)
spheres
The area of an element in the periodic table is used to determine the _____ that contains the distinguishing electron.
sunshell
Energy must be (supplied, removed) when an electron goes to a higher orbit.
supplied
The three pieces of information all periodic charts give about an element include; element ________, atomic _______, and average atomic _______.
symbol, number, weight
For the next element below lithium, its electron will go into the (second, third, fourth) energy shell.
third
The elements between calcium and gallium have electrons in which energy shell. (second, third, fourth)
third
The element nickel (Ni) would be classified as a ___________ element. "B" group
transition
The elements in the "B" groups of the periodic table are described as the __________ elements.
transition
A distinguishing electron makes an element's electron configuration "unique." (true, false)
true
According to Mendeleev and Meyer, both the chemical and physical properties of the elements repeat themselves when the elements are arranged according to increasing atomic weight. (true, false)
true
All matter is made up of elements, compounds, or mixtures of elements and/or compounds. (true, false)
true
An electron orbital has an associated energy and a probability of finding an electron in space. (true, false)
true
All the noble gases are (reactive, unreactive).
unreactive
The noble gases are (reactive, unreactive).
unreactive
Outer shell electrons are called v____ electrons.
valence
the maximum number of electron subshells within an electron shell ____
varies, depending on shell number
Are metals useful because of their properties? (yes, no)
yes
Are the ALKALINE EARTH metals always found combined with other elements in nature? (yes, no)
yes
Can an energy shell contain less than the maximum number of electrons? (yes, no)
yes
Can atoms of the same element have different numbers of neutrons? (yes, no)
yes
In some cases, can electrons be in a higher shell before the lower shell is filled? (yes, no)
yes
Will the alkali metals conduct electricity? (yes, no)
yes
