Chapter 30 (Assisting In Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology) & Chapter 31 (Assisting In Gastroenterology)

An nystagmus is a ___________________?

constant, involuntary movement of one or both eyes

Benign masses are ________________?

encapsulated , although they may increase in size, they remain confined within a shell

Excision biopsy (such as removal of a mole)m the ___________?

entire lesion may be removed for analysis

A partial thickness burn destroys the entire __________?

epidermal layer and varying depths of the dermis and causes blister formation and subcutaneous edema and pain

A superficial burn affects only the __________________?

epidermis, is erythemic (red), blanches with pressure, and is painful but does not have blisters at the site

Sweat glands are _______________?

exocrine glands

Ophthalmology is the science of the __________________?

eye and its disorders and diseases of the eye

An optometrist can perform __________________?

eye examinations, diagnoses vision problems and eye diseases, prescribe ophthalmic medications, and treat visual defects through corrective lenses and eye exercises

Strabismus is failure of the __________________?

eyes to track together, which means that both eyes do not look in the same direction at the same time

Keratitis is an _________________?

inflammation of the cornea that results in superficial ulcerations

Blepharitis is a ________________?

inflammation of the glands and lash follicles along the margins of the eyelids that may be caused by staphylococcal infection, allergies, or irritations

How is the occluded used _______________?

instruct the patient to cover the left eye with the occluded, and to keep both eyes open throughout the test to prevent squinting

Malignant tumors , on the other hand, _____________?

invade and take over surrounding tissues

Full-thickness burns have the potential to cause ______________?

major complications, including, dehydration, circulatory collapse, respiratory distress, and septic shock

The ophthalmologist first uses a tonometer with a slit lamp to ______?

measure intraocular pressure (IOP)

Aqueous helps maintain ______________?

normal pressure within the eye and provides nutrients to the lens and cornea

Myopia (Nearsightedness) causes __________________?

objects at a far away distance are blurry

Glaucoma is one of the most common and serious ____________?

ocular disorders in a group of diseases

Herpes Zoster (Shingles) the lesions develop on ___________?

one side of the body and follow the course of the peripheral nerve, or dermatome, that has been affected by the varicella virus that causes the chickenpox

Carbuncle and furuncle infections are both treated with _________?

oral antibiotics, frequently cleansing of the area, application of the antibiotic ointment and, in some cases, surgical incision and drainage of the purulent material

Near vision acuity test are given to screen for ________________?

presbyopia or hyperopia

Conductive hearing is caused by a _________________?

problem originating in the external or middle ear that prevents sound vibrations from passing through the external auditory canals, limits the vibrations of the tympanic membrane, or interferes with the passage of bone-conducted sound in the middle ear

Herpes Zoster (Shingles) treatment focus on ________________?

promoting the patient's comfort with analgesic and antipruritic medications

To activate turning fork, the ______________________?

provider holds it by the stem and strikes the tines softly on the palm of the hand

The Ishihara color vision test should be administered in a __________?

quite room that is well illuminated by sunlight, not by artificial lighting.

The present of pseudopods (fingerlike extensions around the peripheral of the wheal) may be _____________?

read as 4

The herpes zoster vaccine (Zostavox) is _______________?

recommended for all adults 60 and older

Patient's with contact dermatitis complains of _______________?

redness (erythema), edema, pruritus, and vesicles

Exocrine glands,the most numerous, are present over most of the body; they ________________?

regulate body temperature by excreting sweat (water) through the skin pores to release heat

Punch biopsy involves ______________?

removal of a small section from a designated location of the lesion; the center is usually the optimum site

Men who have rosacea may develop _______________?

rhinophyma, a large, imflamed, bulbous nose cause by hyperplasia of sebaceous nasal tissue

With severe burns all three types commonly are seen in the _____?

same location; superficial burns along the edges, partial-thickness burns with vesicles closer to the center of the area

If the sensorineural hearing loss cannot be improved by hearing aids an option is __________________?

surgical implantation of artificial cochlea

The Mohs technique is performed by specially trained dermatologists, who use a microscope to _______________?

systematically trace the cancerous lesion down to its roots and remove the tumor layer by layer; this minimizes the chance of regrowth and reduces scar formation

When doing allergen skin testing the patient should stop ________?

taking all antihistamines or allergy medications 3 to 10 days before testing to prevent false-negative result

Collegen fibers help prevent ___________________?

tearing of the skin; elastin is a flexible fiber that makes the skin resilent

Squamous cells carcinoma grow rapidly and it is more serious because it has a ________________?

tendency to metastasize

The chart most commonly use for eye screening is ___________?

the Snellen alphabetical chart

The primary sign of nail fungus is _________________?

the appearance of the nail, which turns yellow, white, or opaque. The texture also changes, and the nail becomes thick and brittle

The Herpes Zoster (Shingles) are diagnosed by ______________?

the characterics pattern of painful lesions

Patients who complain with otitis externa complain of ________?

severe pain and have inflammation, and swelling of the external auditory canal, hearing loss, and possibly prulent (containing pus) or serous drainage

Cellulitis is an acute infection of the ______________?

skin and subcutaneous tissue caused by staphylococci or streptococci

Chalazion is a ____________________?

small cyst that results from small blockage of a Meibomian gland (sebaceous gland) that lubricates the posterior margin of each eyelid

Eye ointments are dispensed in ______________?

small metal or plastic tubes with an ophthalmic tip that allows them to be dispensed in a small ribbon of ointment directly into the bottom eyelid

Malignant melanoma develops from ______________?

a change in a mole

A cataract is a ________________?

a cloudy or opaque area in the normally clear lens of the eye that blocks the passage of light into the retina, causing impaired vision

Cornea abrasion are usually caused by ________________?

a foreign body in the eye or direct trauma, such as from poorly fitting or dirty contact lenses

When irrigating a patient's eye, you moisten ______________?

a gauze with solution and cleanse the eyelids and lashes

Defects in the shape of the eyeball can cause _______________?

a reflective error

A shave biopsy is performed with ________________?

a scalpel or razor by cutting or shaving off the growth or lesion for a thin specimen of combined epidermis and upper dermis cells

Herpes Zoster (Shingles) is an __________________?

acute inflammatory disorder characterized by highly painful vesicular eruptions on the trunk of the body and occasionally on the face

The middle ear, sometimes called the tympanic cavity is an ________?

air-filled chamber that begins with the tympanic membrane and terminates at the oval window

Patch test uses an ______________?

allergen that is applied to a patch that is placed on the skin

Patch testing helps detect _________________?

allergic reactions associated with contact dermatitis

Secondary lesios are the result of ________________?

alterations in a primary lesion. .Examples are scales, crust1, fissures, erosins. ulcerations, and scars

Otitis external inflammation is treated with _______________?

antibiotic or steroid ear drops, and the canal must be kept clean and dry, or the condition could be chronic

Primary leisons are those that _____________?

appear immediately, Macles,papules, plaques, nodules, cysts, wheals, and pustles all are primary leisons

Both scabies and pediculosis _________________?

are highly contagious====

Determining distance visual acuity frequently is ___________?

art of a complete physical examination

When screening eyes, check that the Snellen chart is _________?

at the patient's eye level

Im the Rhine test the the stem of the turning fork is placed on _____?

atient's mastoid process, and the patient is instructed to raise a hand whan the sound disappears

The middle ear consists of _____________?

auditory ossicles or bones; malleus, incus, and stapes

The outer ear consists of the _____________?

auricle, or pinna, the fleshy part of the ear that can be seen on the side of the head, and the external auditory, the tube that extends from the auricle to the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Distant visual acuity is widely used in schools and industries and is the ____________?

best single test available for vision screening

Excoriation means _______________?

breaking down the surrounding tissues

Patients with limited knowledge of the English alphabet can ______?

can be tested with the E chart

The vibrating fork if placed in the ____________________?

center of the top of the head, and the patient is asked in which ear the tone is louder, or if the tone is the same in both ears

In addition to ceruminous glands, that secrete _________________?

cerumen (commonly called earwax) which lubricates the canal

The ciliary body contains both the ciliary muscle which regulates the shape of the lens, and the __________________?

ciliary processes, which secrete aqueous humor

The Rhine test is designed to ______________?

compare air conduction sounds with bone conduction sounds

Pediculosis (infestation of lice) can be caused by three different types of head lice, including _________________

1. Pediculus humanus capitis (head lice) 2. Pediculus humanus corporis (body lice) 3. Pthirus pubis (pubic lice)

Skin is composed of three layers _____________________?

1. dermis 2. epidermis 3.subcutaneous layer

There are three methods used to obtain a small piece of tissue for examination under a microscope, they are,________________?

1. excision biopsy 2. punch biopsy 3. shave biopsy

The most common thermal injuries are burns classified as__________?

1. first degree (super thickness) 2. second degree (partial thickness) 3. third degree (depending on the depth of the wound

Ishihara Color Vision test consist of _______________?

14 color plates

When screening eyes, position the patient in a standing or sitting position at the ___________?

20 foot marker (is the standard testing distance

The most commonly used turning fork is the ________________?

512 Hz hertz, which vibrates 512 cycles per seconds, normal speech pattern

Early signs of malignant melanoma: ABCDE rule are _________?

A Asymmetry - one half of the mole does not match the other half B Border - the edges of the mole are blurred and irregular C Color - the mole is not the same color throughout and has shades of tan, brown, black, red, white, and blue D Diameter - the mole is larger than 6mm, about the size of a pencil eraser E Elevation - a mole that was once flat against the skin now is raised and elevated

Otorhinolaryngology is the medial specialty that ______________?

deals with the ear, nose and throat

The air puff tonometer records the _________________?

degree of indentation of the cornea from a puff of pressurized air without touching the eye

Hyperopia (Farsightedness) has _______________?

difficulty seeing objects that are close at reading or working level

If the occluded is not disposable _____________?

disinfect it before the procedure starts

Liquid drops usually are supplied in a small squeeze bottles with tips that allow one drop at a time to be dispensed, or the bottle may contain a doppler with a small rubber attachment used to ____?

dispense the medication by drops

Blepharoptosis, also called ptosis is __________________?

drooping of the upper eyelid that can be caused by a disorder of the third cranial nerve, muscular weakness as seen in muscular dystrophy, or myasthenia gravis

When using the E chart, because this is a gross screening of distance visual acuity, the ____________?

eyes typically are tested with corrective lenses; the patient therefore should not remove glasses or contact unless the provider request it

The subcutaneous layer contains _________________?

fat cells, which provide insulation and srve as a reservior calories

Opticians are trained to __________________?

fill prescriptions written by ophthalmologists and optometrists for corrective lenses by grinding the lenses and dispensing eyewear

The anterior cavity, between the cornea and the lens is _________?

filled with aqueous humor, which is continuously produced by the ciliary processes

Laser therapy may be used for ____________________?

fine lines and wrinkles, pigmented areas, shallow scars, and tattoo removal

Squamous cells carcinoma appears as a _____________?

firm, red, nodule with visible scales, and it may ulcerate and form a crust

Percutaneous test (scratch test) maybe performed on the ________?

forearm, upper arm, or on the back, Back is favored for children

Tinea unguium, or onychomycosis is a _______________?

fungal infection of the toenails and fingernails

A carbuncle is a collection of ________________?

furuncles that have joined together to form a large infected area that may drain through multiple sights or form an abscess

Acne is a disorder of the ________________?

hair follice and sebaceous gland

A dermabrader is a ______________?

handheld device that mechanically evens the layers of dermal tissue, it is effective in treatments of scars from acne.

The Weber test if the patients reports that _______________?

hearing is better in one ear than the other.

Prebycusis is the ________________?

hearing loss that effects aging people, is caused by a reduction in the number of receptor cells in the organ of corti and is also classified as a sensorineural loss

Viral infections (such as: rubella, influenza, herpes) can result in ___?

hearing loss, as can head trauma or certain ototoxic medications

Herpes Simplex (cold sores or fever blisters) are caused by _______?

herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)

Ringing in the ears sometimes occurs when ______________?

high doses aspirin, certain antibiotics (erythromycin and vancomycin), chemotherapeutics agents

Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) is an ________________?

idiopathic inflammatory skin disease that attends to occur in patient's with a family history of allergies

In the Ishihara test, plates 12 through 14 are used ____________?

if the patient appears to be having difficulty with red-green differentiations

Purtitus accompanies the _____________?

impetigo infection, and the scratching helps spread the lesions at the site

Glaucoma is characterized by ________________?

increased intraocular pressure (IOP), which damages the optic nerve and causes blindness if left untreated

Conjunctivitis is an ___________________?

inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by irritation, allergy, of bacterial infections

Pruritus means ____________?

itching

The eye blinks every 2 to 3 seconds causing the __________________?

lacrimal gland, located in the superior outer portions of the upper eyelid, to secrete tears

Subcutanous layer is the ________________?

layer composed primarily of fatty, adipose, tissue

A full- thickness burn destroys all ______________?

layers of the skin and my be involved underlying fat, muscle, nerves, blood supply, and bones

Presbyopia, as people age, the _____________?

lens of the eye becomes less flexible, and the ciliary muscles weaken; consequently, changing the point of focus of distance to near becomes difficult

An optometrist is not a medical doctor, but he or she is _______?

licensed and has earned a degree as Doctor of Optometry (OD)

An ophthalmologist is a ___________________?

licensed medical physician who can diagnose disorders, prescribe medications, conduct eye screening, prescribe glasses or contacts, and perform optic surgey

Furuncle or boil, is a _________________?

localized staphylococcal infection that begins as inflammation of a hair follicle (folliculitis) or skin gland

Hordeolum (stye) is a ____________________?

localized, purulent infection of the sebaceous gland of the eyelid

The rods and cones, optic nerve, optic disc, and fovea centralis are _________________?

located in the retina

In suppurative otitis media, prulent fluld is present in the ______________?

middle ear, and the patient has pain, fever, and hearing

Also, when doing a irrigation of the eye, you start at the inner canthus (near the nose) and __________?

move to the outer canthus (farthest from the nose). Dispose of the gauze square in a biohazard waste container after each wipe

Sterile techniques and equipment _______________?

must be used to prevent contamination

Near visual acuity can be tested with the _____________?

near vision chart

Audiometry measures the _______________?

owest intensity of sound an individual can hearl

Symptoms of cornea abrasions include _______________?

pain, inflammation, tearing, and photophobia

Any damage to the retina has the potential to cause _____________?

partial or complete blindness because the neurologic center of vision is located in the retina

In the Ishihara test, the basic test consists of _______________?

plates 1 thru 11

Apocrine glands which open into hair follicles and are located in __________?

specific areas, including the axilla, scalp, face, and genitalia

When treating the eye with medication you ________________?

squeeze the bulb or dispenser, directing the solution to the lower conjunctiva of the inner canthus; allow the solution to flow steadily and slowly from the inner to the outer canthus. Do not touch the eye or eyelid

When irragating a patient's ear, you ________________________?

straighten the external canal. For adults and children older than 3, gentlythe pinna of the ear up and back; for chilren under 3 pull the earlobe down and back

Impetigo is a common,, superificial infection caused by ________?

streptococci or Staphylococcus aureus that usually affects children

There are two medications, one available to treat shingles, including ___?

the chickenpox (varicella virus) vaccine (Varivax) is given to children 12 to 18 months of age and to older children and adults who have not had the chickenpox; this vaccine reduces the risk and severity of both chickenpox and shingles

An error of refraction means that _________________?

the light rays are not refracted or bent properly and consequently do not focus correctly on the retina

The underlying dermis is a ______________?

thick layer of connective tissue that contains collagen and elastic fibers, in addition to water and jelly-like materials that make up the skin compressible

Dermis is the the _________________?

thicker layer beneath that makes up about 90% of the skin mass and often is referred to as the true skin

Epidermis is the ____________________?

thin, upper most level

The first sign of ototoxic drug complications usually is __________?

tinnitus (a ringing in the ears)

The patient with contact dermatitis should be encouraged to _____?

to wash the affected area immediately after exposure to remove the irritant

Because a patient may develop a secondary infection from the corneal injury they may be given a ______________?

topical antibiotics , including ciprofloxacin 0.3% (Ciloxan) ointment or drops and gentamicin 0.3% ointment or drops may be prescribed

Corneal abrasions are quite painful, so the patient may be prescribed ________________?

topical nonsteroidal inflammatory ophthalmic drops, such as diclofenac (Voltaren) and ketorolac (Acular), in addition to oral analgecis

Imatigo is contagious , and bacteria are _______________?

transmitted by direct contact with the drainage, wheter at other sites or with other children through the sharing of toys and touching

Some common causative factors in conductive hearing loss includes ______________?

trauma to the tympanic membrane, especially with scar formation; hemorrhage or fluid in the middle ear; otosclerosis; and recurrent chronic ear infections

Topical anesthetic (ethyl chloride) or locally injected anesthetics are ______________?

used for the dermabrasion procedure

Treatment for cold injuries (frostbites) consists of ___________?

warming the area with immersing in warm water (100 to 106 degrees For 38 to 41 degrees C). The affected site should never be rubbed because this increases cellular destruction. vital signs

A chart that uses pictures and symbols are used for _____________?

young children or individuals who do not know the alphabet