Chapter 33. Nervous Coordination: Nervous System and sense Organs

Which of the following best describes an event where a membrane potential changes from rest (-70mV) to +35mV, and back to rest in approximately a millisecond?

Action potential

A neuron may contain a soma, one or more , and a single

Blank 1: dendrites Blank 2: axon

The net balance of all and inputs received by a postsynaptic cell determines whether an action potential is generated.

Blank 1: excitatory Blank 2: inhibitory

An action potential is generated if the number of signals received at one time by a postsynaptic cell is greater than the signals received.

Blank 1: excitatory or excitation Blank 2: inhibitory or inhibition

Receptors located near the external surface are called . Receptors located deeper within the body are called . Receptors associated with muscles, tendons, and joints are called

Blank 1: exteroceptors Blank 2: interoceptors Blank 3: proprioceptors

The brain stem consists of the oblongata, and the

Blank 1: medulla Blank 2: midbrain

Select all that apply Which of the following are regulated by the limbic system?

Appetite Reproductive behavior Sexual desire

The vertebrate eye contains photoreceptors called rods and cones. are primarily concerned with color vision in ample light, and are primarily concerned with colorless vision in dim light.

Blank 1: Cones Blank 2: rods

A rapidly moving change in electrical membrane potential is called a nerve

Blank 1: action Blank 2: potential

The two functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the sensory or division and motor or division.

Blank 1: afferent or afferent Blank 2: efferent or efferent

The central nervous system of vertebrates consists of the and

Blank 1: brain Blank 2: spinal Blank 3: cord

Many insects have vision, but have poor capability, and therefore must be close to another object to see it as more than a single spot.

Blank 1: color Blank 2: resolution

The bridge of nerve fibers that connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex is called the

Blank 1: corpus Blank 2: callosum

A reflex arc typically consists of a sense organ called a , an afferent neuron, the CNS, an efferent neuron, and an , which allows animals to respond to a stimulus.

Blank 1: receptor Blank 2: effector

The eyeball of some annelids, molluscs, and all vertebrates contain three layers; an outer white , a middle coat, and a light sensitive

Blank 1: sclera Blank 2: choroid Blank 3: retina

The autonomic nervous system is a component of the peripheral nervous system, and it is divided into the system and the system.

Blank 1: sympathetic Blank 2: parasympathetic

Which of the following contains vesicles of specialized chemicals called neurotransmitters that transmit signals across a gap between nerve cells?

Chemical synapses

The simplest neural organization occurs in which of the following?

Cnidarians

Which of the following best describes insect vision?

Color vision; poor resolution

Which of the following best describes photoreceptors in the vertebrate eye?

Cones are associated with color vision in ample light; rods are associated with colorless vision in dim light.

Which of the following best describes the neural connection through which the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are able to transfer information?

Corpus callosum

Select all that apply A reflex arc typically consists of which of the following parts?

Effector Receptor Afferent Neuron Efferent Neuron Central Nervous System

Which of the following best describes the site where neurotransmitters that depolarize postsynaptic membranes are released?

Excitatory synapses

The thalamus which relays sensory information in the brain, and the hypothalamus which regulates many body functions such as reproduction and homeostasis, are located in which of the following parts of the brain?

Forebrain

Which of the following has the most efficient brain?

Humans

Which of the following best describes a nerve net in radially symmetrical animals?

It extends in and under the epidermis over all the body.

Which of the following best describes the parasympathetic system?

It is associated with non-stressful activities such as resting and eating.

Select all that apply Which of the following best describes the organ of hearing, or cochlea?

It is divided longitudinally into three fluid-filled canals. It is coiled in mammals. Its fluid filled canals become progressively smaller from base to apex of cochlea.

Select all that apply Which of the following are controlled by the cerebellum?

Locomotion Equilibrium Posture

Select all that apply Which of the following accurately describe the concentration of ions inside and outside the neuron during resting membrane potential?

Low concentration of chloride ions inside the neuron High concentration of chloride ions outside the neuron High concentration of sodium ions outside the neuron Low concentration of sodium ions inside the neuron

Which of the following best describes the layers of membranes that surround the spinal cord of vertebrates?

Meninges

The pigmented iris regulates the opening of which of the following structure to allow light to enter the retina?

Pupil

Two or more neurons working together is defined as which of the following?

Reflex arc

Which of the following best describes why visual acuity at night is greatest at the edge of the fovea?

Rods alone occupy the edge of the retina

The type of glial cells that form myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system are called cells, and the type of glial cells that form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system are called

Schwann oligodendrocytes

Which of the following are specialized sensory receptors used by animals to detect changes in their environment?

Sense organs

Select all that apply Which of the following are part of central nervous system of vertebrates?

Spinal cord Brain

Select all that apply Which of the following bodily functions are controlled by the brain stem?

Swallowing Heartbeat Respiration

Which of the following best describes the gap separating an axon terminal from another neuron?

Synapse

Most animals have distance chemical reception called smell or

olfaction or olfactory

Which of the following is TRUE regarding changes in the frequency of nerve signal conduction?

The higher the frequency of conduction, the greater the level of excitation.

Which of the following best describes the autonomic nervous system?

The part of the peripheral nervous system which innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

Select all that apply Which of the following are features of glial cells?

These cells surround neurons. These cells form insulating sheaths of myelin. These cells are numerous in the vertebrate brain.

Select all that apply Which of the following best describes receptors?

They convert internal environmental stimuli into nerve signals. They convert external environmental stimuli into nerve signals. They are connected to afferent neurons.

True or false: A nerve cell may contain multiple dendrites, but only a single axon.

True

A nerve signal is also referred to as an potential

action

A group of at least two neurons working together is called a reflex

arc

The nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system, that governs involuntary internal functions that do not affect consciousness such as movement of the heart and glandular secretions.

autonomic

The part of the brain that is dorsal to the medulla oblongata, and controls equilibrium, posture and movement is the

cerebellum

The anterior portion of the forebrain is called the , and can be divided into two distinct areas, the paleocortex and neocortex

cerebrum

A synapse contains packets of specialized chemicals called neurotransmitters which transmit signals across a gap separating one neuron from another.

chemical

Contact chemical receptors elicit an orientation behavior called which causes animals to move toward or away from a chemical.

chemotaxis

The three fluid-filled, tubular canals within the inner ear are part of the organ of hearing called the

cochlea

Structure A, shown in the left in this diagram depicts a type of action potential conduction where the action potential spreads down the entire axon membrane. This type of action potential conduction is called conduction.

continuous

The branched processes of a nerve cell which receive signals are called

dendrites

In radially symmetrical animals, the nerve net extends in and under the , and extends in all directions all over the body.

epidermis

The simplest bilateral nervous system occurs in

flatworms or platyhelminthes

Nerve fibers can change their signal by changing the of signal conduction.

frequency, rate, or speed

Non-nervous cells are more numerous in the vertebrate brain than neurons, and serve several support functions to neurons including forming insulating myelin sheaths around the axon.

glial

The brain is not the largest, nor does it have the greatest number of foldings, however it is the most efficient of all animals.

human

The system is a part of the forebrain, and regulates emotions and needs such as thirst, hunger and sexual desire.

limbic

The spinal cord encloses a central spinal canal, and is wrapped in layers of membranes called

meninges

An insulating sheath composed of which of the following often covers the nerve cells of vertebrates and some invertebrates?

myelin

The axons of vertebrates and some invertebrates are often wrapped in insulating layers to form a laminated, lipid-based sheath which accelerates signal transmission along the nerve cells.

myelin

An electrochemical message of a neuron is called a signal or action potential.

nerve

nets are the simplest pattern of invertebrate nervous systems.

nerve

The nerve of radially symmetrical animals is the simplest pattern of invertebrate nervous systems.

net

Afferent neurons are connected to that convert external and internal stimuli into nerve signals which are carried into the central nervous system.

receptors

Visual acuity at night is accomplished by looking slightly to one side of an object because the edge of the retina contains only which are high sensitivity receptors for dim light.

rods

Structure B, shown on the right in this diagram depicts a type of action potential conduction where the action potential leaps from node to node. This type of action potential conduction is called conduction.

saltatory

An animal's organs are sensory receptors designed to detect environmental status and change.

sense

As an action potential moves down an axon, it travels across a small gap called a that separates the terminal of the axon from another neuron.

synapse