Chapter 34: "Woodrow Wilson and World War I"

neutral, British, U-boats

A a ___________ nation, the United States could legally trade with all belligerent nations involved in World War I. Enforcing America's neutral rights proved to be difficult. The ___________ fleet established a blockade that prevented countries from trading with Germany. The Germans retaliated by using their new ___________ or submarines to sink without warning all enemy merchant ships found approaching Great Britain. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

Sussex Pledge

After sinking the British passenger liner the "Lusitania" and the French steamer the "Sussex," the Germans issued this pledge promising not to attack merchant vessels without warning. Wilson sternly warned Germany that a violation of this pledge would risk war with the United States. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

Germany, autocratic, British

America had stronger cultural and political ties with Britain and France than with ___________ before World War I. Most Americans viewed Germany has a militaristic country ruled by an ___________ ruler. ___________ propaganda skillfully reinforced this image by depicting the Germans as ruthless barbarians who committed unspeakable atrocities against the defenseless people of Belgium. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

Mexico

Events in ___________ also tested Wilson's commitment to moral diplomacy. In 1911, Francisco Madero overthrew Mexico's dictator Porfirio Diaz. Madero promised to institute a series of domestic reforms. However, in 1913 he was overthrown and murdered by a general named Victoriano Huerta. The new Mexican leader represented everything Wilson despised. "I am going to teach the South American republics to elect good men." (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

Zimmerman, alliance

Events now pushed the United States to the brink of war. In early February 1917, Wilson broke diplomatic relations with Germany. Less than a month later, British officials released a decoded message from German Foreign Secretary Arthur ___________ to the German ambassador in Mexico. The ambassador was instructed to offer Mexico an ___________ with Germany. In return, Mexico would receive German support to recover Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

people, stroke

Frustrated by the Senate debate of the Treaty of Versailles, Wilson elected to take his case to the American ___________. He left Washington on September 4, 1919. Wilson travel 8,000 miles and made 37 speeches in 29 cities. 3 weeks into the grueling trip, Wilson collapsed from exhaustion. A few days later, he suffered a severe ___________ that partly paralyzed his left side. For weeks he could not sit up or even sign his name. He was so ill that only his doctors, his wife, and his closest aides were allowed to see him. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

Villa, Villa, Villa, Villa

In October 1915, Wilson changed his mind and recognized the Carranza government in Mexico. Feeling betrayed, ___________ stopped a train in Northern Mexico and killed 17 U.S. citizens. 2 months later, ___________ and his men burned Columbus, New Mexico, and killed 17 more Americans. Outraged by these events, Wilson ordered a force of 11,000 men commanded by General John J. Pershing to invade Mexico and capture ___________. Pershing failed to apprehend the elusive ___________ and his invasion alienated the Carranza government. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

submarine, United States, Western

On January 31, 1917, Germany announced that it would resume unrestricted ___________ warfare, in spite of the Sussex Pledge. The Germans understood that this action would bring the ___________ into the war. However, they gambled and that they could defeat France and Great Britain before America could mobilize and train an army large enough to thwart their offensive along the ___________ Front. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

Fourteen Points, international, determination, League of Nations

On January 8, 1918, Woodrow Wilson announced a peace program known as the ___________. The first 5 points called for general principles of ___________ conduct that included open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, removal of trade barriers, reduction of armaments, and impartial mediation of colonial claims. The next eight points contained specific recommendations for adjusting post-war boundaries based upon the principle of self-___________ for the population involved. Wilson's fourteenth and most famous point called for "a general association of nations" that would protect "great and small states alike." This association or ___________ would keep the peace by encouraging its members to solve problems by negotiation. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

Monetary, alliances, Soviet Union, currency

The Fourteen Points did NOT include the International ___________ Fund, secret ___________, recognition of the ___________, or a call for a global ___________. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

Committee on Public Information

President Wilson recognized that the American public had to be mobilized to support a war against an enemy that did not present a direct threat to the nation's homeland. As a result, he issued an executive order creating this committee. Led by George Creel, it worked to convince the public that America was fighting a righteous war for freedom and democracy. An army of 75,000 Four-Minute Men gave speeches urging citizens to buy Liberty Bonds and conserve fuel and food. Meanwhile, propaganda films and posters portrayed the Germans as barbaric enemies of freedom. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

commercial

Strong ___________ ties also connected the United States with Britain and France before World War I. In 1916, the U.S. sold $275 million worth of goods to Britain and France and only $29 million worth of goods to Germany. During this time, American investors loaned $2.3 billion to the Allies and just $27 million to the Germans. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

Latin, 20

Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy, Taft's Dollar Diplomacy, and Wilson's Moral Diplomacy all represent different American approaches to ___________ America. Although these policies differed, it is important to remember that in the early ___________th century, America exercised its greatest in international influence in the Caribbean and Latin America. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

-Internationalists -Irreconcilables -Reservationists

The 3 groups of senators that debated the passage of the Treaty of Versailles: (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

Espionage and Sedition Acts

The Committee on Public Information's propaganda campaign promoted a national mood of suspicion and distrust. Upon Wilson's request, Congress passed these 2 acts to outlaw criticism of government leaders and war policies. Ironically, while the United States embarked on a crusade to "make the world safe for democracy," these 2 acts stifled dissent and encouraged intolerance. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

Treaty of Versailles, League of Nations, Woodrow Wilson

The Senate never approved the ___________ and the United States never joined the ___________. ___________ left office a beaten and embittered man. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

Selective Service Act

The United States Army had a total of just 280,034 men when Congress declared war on Germany in World War I. This act quickly remedied this lack of manpower in 1917 by requiring all men aged 21-30 to register for military service. By the end of the war, the armed services enlisted 3.7 million men, about half of whom reached Europe. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

Zimmerman, submarine, democracy

The ___________ Telegram and the sinking of several unarmed American ships due to Germany's resumption of ___________ warfare compelled Wilson to ask a special session of Congress for a declaration of war against Germany. Wilson told Congress that the United States "had no selfish ends to serve" by entering the war. "The world," Wilson insisted, "must be made safe for ___________." (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

Pancho, Villa

The crisis in Mexico continued when Venustiano Carranza overthrew Huerta in 1914. Wilson welcomed the change, but was dismayed when Carranza refused to accept American advice. For a time, Wilson supported Francisco "___________" ___________, a bandit who opposed both Huerta and Carranza. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

New Freedom, Mexico, neutral

The explosive events in Europe pertaining to World War I stunned Wilson. He was now forced to shift his focus from the ___________ and relations with ___________ to how the United States would respond to the war in Europe. On August 19th, 1917, Wilson announced that "the United States must be ___________ in fact as well as name." (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

Francis Ferdinand, World War I

The nations of Europe enjoyed an extended period of prosperity and progress in the century following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. But an arms race between Germany and Great Britain, competition for colonies in Africa, and the formation of rival alliances created an atmosphere of tension and suspicion. The assassination of Archduke ___________ on June 28th, 1914, set in motion and inexorable chain of events that led to the outbreak of ___________ forces over ran Belgium and soon threatened France. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

collective security

The opponents of the League of Nations argued that the organization's commitment to ___________ violated America's traditional policy of avoiding entangling alliances. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

Henry Cabot Lodge

This man led the Reservationists in debating the Treaty of Versailles in the Senate. He was the Senate Majority Leader and Wilson's bitter political enemy. He objected to the collective security provision in the League covenant obligating member nations to take joint action to protect nations from "external aggression." He argued that this provision would limit American sovereignty and undermine the power of Congress in foreign affairs. He preferred America's long-standing policy of avoiding entangling foreign alliances. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

Fourteen Points

This peace program offered generous peace terms to the defeated Central Powers. When the German government surrendered in November 1918, it was assured that the peace conference would be based upon this peace program. It articulated the hopes of people for a just settlement that would ensure a lasting peace. However, it raised expectations that would be very difficult to achieve. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

moral diplomacy

This was the name for Wilson's strategy of foreign policy. He believed that his foreign policy should be guided by moral principles and not power and money. He believed that the United States should practice this type of diplomacy by promoting democratic values and moral progress. This strategy would soon prove to be very difficult to get things done in international politics. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

Senate, Internationalists, Irreconcilables, Reservationists

When Wilson returned to the United States from the peace conference, he faced a tough fight to win ___________ approval for the Treaty of Versailles. The 96 Senators divided into three groups. First, the ___________ who supported the treaty without reservations. Second, the ___________ who opposed the treaty in any form. And finally, a large group of ___________ who were willing to accept the treaty with changes that would clarify or limit the League of Nation's authority over American actions. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

Woodrow Wilson, Senators, Republicans

When the peace conference opened in Paris on January 18, 1919, ___________ personally headed the American delegation. It is important to note that Wilson made the mistake of not asking any ___________ or ___________ politicians to join the delegation. This proved to be a serious error in judgement because the Senate would have to ratify the peace treaty he proposed and because the Republicans had won control of both houses of Congress in 1918. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

Woodrow Wilson

When this man became president in 1913, he focused his attention on implementing his New Freedom program of domestic reforms. He revised the tariff, reformed the banking system, and signed the Clayton Antitrust Act. Although he was an expert on domestic issues, he had little experience in foreign affairs. "It would be an irony of fate if my administration had to deal chiefly with foreign affairs," he wryly observed. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

leadership, Senate

Wilson denounced critics of the League of Nations by saying that they were myopic "pygmies" who failed to see that membership in the League would give the United States ___________ in the world. Wilson's refusal to compromise with Lodge and the Reservationists hardened ___________ opposition to the treaty. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

Caribbean, financial

Wilson found it difficult to practice his moral ideals in the ___________. Despite his objections to using military force, Wilson sent Marines to Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua to protect American ___________ interests in these countries. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

League of Nations, postwar, international

Wilson recognized that the Treaty of Versailles was too punitive. However, he signed it in exchange for Allied support for the ___________. The League of Nations represented Wilson's hopes for the ___________ world. He was convinced that the League of Nations would rectify problems in the Treaty of Versailles and that its provisions for collective security would ensure ___________ peace. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

Fourteen Points, Versailles, reparations

Wilson soon faced the grim realities of European power politics while at the peace conference in Paris. Both Great Britain and France wanted to make Germany pay for the terrible suffering their people endured in the war. Although Wilson argued for the principles of his ___________, the final treaty reflected the Allies' vindictive attitude towards Germany. The Treaty of ___________ forced Germany to give up 13% of its territory and all of its colonies. In addition, the treaty compelled Germany to accept full blame for starting the war and to pay ___________ later set at $33 billion. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

compromise, international

Wilson's stubborn adherence to his moral view of international politics inspired many people in America and throughout the world. However, getting things done often required practicing the art of ___________. Wilson's idealistic moral diplomacy would soon be tested by the hard realities of ___________ politics. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

stick, dollar, moral

Woodrow Wilson rejected both Teddy Roosevelt's policy of big ___________ diplomacy and Taft's policy of ___________ diplomacy. Instead, he believed that his foreign policy should be guided by ___________ principles and not power and money. Wilson believed that the United States should practice moral diplomacy by promoting democratic values and moral progress. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)

Great Migration

World War I created a labor shortage by moving about 4 million men from the nation's farms and factories to the armed services. The wartime demand for industrial workers encouraged over 400,000 Southern blacks to move to Northern industrial cities. This mass movement opened new opportunities for African Americans while also exacerbating racial tensions in many Northern cities. (Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1909-1919)