Chapter 3,4,7,8 psychology question quiz

Which of the following best exemplifies a reflex?

A man salivates while watching a chef fry sausages.

Which of the following scenarios illustrates top-down processing in sensation and perception?

As Jack is walking down the street, he sees people around him running indoors for shelter and runs indoors because it is raining.

Timothy's vision is a focus of interest for many ophthalmologists. He is able to see well when there is low illumination but not so well when there is a lot of light, for instance, if he is outdoors during the day. He is also unable to detect most colors during the day. Which poorly-functioning structure of the eye is most likely causing Timothy's unusual vision?

Cones

What happened when Phineas Gage sustained an injury when an iron bar exited through the top of his skull after passing through his frontal lobes?

His personality changed.

Which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning?

It is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Which of the following is true of a variable-ratio schedule in operant conditioning?

It produces high, steady rates of behavior that are more resistant to extinction.

Jane was in a car accident, which caused severe damage to her head. As a result, Jane's vision was affected. Although her eyes are able to detect visual stimuli and form images on her retina, her brain is not receiving the visual information. This problem with Jane's vision is most likely due to improper functioning of the _____.

Optic Nerve

Which of the following is true of partial reinforcement?

Partial reinforcement is particularly resistant to extinction.

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?

Tom wakes up just before the alarm clock goes off every morning so that he can avoid having to hear the alarm go off.

Tamara sustained a brain injury and as a result cannot comprehend speech. Her doctors note that she speaks fluently, but her words are streams of speech that lack meaning. Which of the following disorders best explains Tamara's symptoms?

Wernicke's aphasia

ack always takes his dog out for a walk in the morning. Whenever Jack puts the leash on his dog, the dog gets very excited about going for a walk. In this scenario, the dog has learned to associate the leash with going for a walk through

classical conditioning.

_____ is the process of learning the associations between two events.

conditioning

Larry is in the habit of bullying his little brother by hitting and pushing him. Larry's parents try to stop this behavior by taking away Larry's video games whenever he hits his little brother. Over the next few weeks, Larry stops bullying his little brother. In this scenario, Larry's parents have used _____ in operant conditioning.

negative punishment

Millie doesn't like waiting in line. Whenever she goes to her local supermarket, she has to wait at least 20 minutes in line. So, she decides to buy all her groceries online instead. In this scenario, Millie is demonstrating

operant conditioning.

The ________ play an important role in the sensation and perception of touch.

parietal lobes

ack sees a sleek object with four wheels and four doors on the street and recognizes that it is a car. This process of interpreting what he sees as a car is called _____.

perception

Janet scolds her daughter, Kelley, each time Kelley pinches her little brother. After two weeks, Janet notices that Kelley has stopped pinching her little brother. In this scenario, scolding Kelley is an example of _____ in operant conditioning.

positive punishment

Lionel steps on a jellyfish as he walks barefoot on the beach. At the moment of contact, the physical pain he experiences most accurately exemplifies _____.

sensation

When Carlos first arrives at his friend's party, the music is so loud that he covers his ears. After a few hours, even though the music is still at the same volume, it stops bothering him. This change in his reaction to the volume of the music illustrates:

sensory adaptation.

In the context of operant conditioning, _____ refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.

shaping

Aphasia can be defined as a deficit in the ability to ________.

speak or comprehend language

In operant conditioning, organisms learn

the association between a behavior and a consequence.

Psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective define learning as

the relatively stable, observable changes in a person's actions.

Which of the following sensory processes is most activated when a person is listening to a song?

Mechanoreception

Derek is watching an airplane fly by. The plane seems to get smaller as it goes farther away. Which of the following aspects of perceptual constancy allows Derek to understand that the airplane is not getting smaller?

Size constancy

John, a six-year-old boy, loves dogs. However, after being bitten by one, he starts to fear dogs. Which of the following is true in the context of classical conditioning?

The dog becomes a conditioned stimulus after it bites John.

Gary is watching a movie. He can hear the dialogue at all times except when the actors are whispering in a scene. This is because the actors' whispers are too soft for Gary to hear. In other words, the whispers are most likely below the level of Gary's _____.

absolute threshold

By virtue of its prime location, the ________ plays a key role in determining the emotional significance of stimuli, especially when they evoke fear.

amygdala

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer in operant conditioning?

being treated to a good meal

In the context of depth perception, _____ cues are ones that depend on the combination of the images in the left and right eyes.

binocular

A teacher uses pictures of animals to help her students identify those animals. The children look at each picture and then say the name of the animal in the picture out loud. This method of learning is most reflective of _____ processing.

bottom up

June had dinner at an Indian restaurant and had food poisoning as a result. This caused her to gag at the sight of any Indian food. June's reaction to Indian food best illustrates the concept of _____ in classical conditioning.

generalization

Negative reinforcement in operant conditioning

has nothing to do with "good" and "bad" behavior.

Neuroscientists conducted research with taxicab drivers in London and found that taxicab drivers, who are required to have a tremendous amount of spatial and geographic knowledge, had a larger ________ than other drivers.

hippocampus

Martin was extremely obese. He was unable to tell when he was full and therefore always tended to overeat. On examination, the doctor determined that the cause of his condition was a lesion in the _____ of his brain.

hypothalamus

Jennifer accidentally plays a radio channel that she has never heard before. She loves the music it plays and as a result, she plays only that channel whenever she wants to listen to music. In this scenario, Jennifer's behavior has most likely been learned through _____ in operant conditioning.

positive reinforcement

Although several bulbs have burned out on the Movie Buff theater's sign at the entrance and the letters are not completely formed, Caleb can still read the announcement for the upcoming movie. Which gestalt principle best accounts for this phenomenon?

principle of closure

In the visual system, _____ are the receptors in the retina of the eye that are sensitive to light but are not very useful for color vision.

rodes

Mrs. Graham is the principal of a high school. She enforces the practice of pop quizzes in the school because she knows that students will be more likely to study if they cannot predict when they will be tested. In this scenario, Mrs. Graham relies on a _____ schedule in operant conditioning to enforce a desired behavior in her students.

variable-interval

Hitch-hikers are unable to predict when they will get a ride and when they will not. They are most likely functioning on a _____ schedule of reinforcement in operant conditioning.

variable-ratio