Chapter 39: The End of Empire (QUESTIONS)

War broke out between India and Pakistan in 1947 over

The province of Kashmir

"The year of Africa" refers to

The winning of independence in 1960 of thirteen former European African colonies

Likewise in east Asia, new states were governed by

military regimes until the late 1980s.

The creation of a new Jewish state in previously Muslim Palestine eased

western guilt over the atrocities of World War II.

The Balfour Declaration of 1917 promised that Palestine would

A) become a homeland for immigrant Jews.

The situation wherein national boundaries were artificial conveniences that did not correspond to economic or ethnic divisions was most common in

Africa

The U.S.-backed government of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi in Iran was overthrown in 1979 by

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Which of the following is NOT a reason Arab nationalism failed to materialize?

D) They shared a common language and culture.

Conflicts between native Kikuyu and British settlers intensified in Kenya after World War II because

D) white settlers had seized the best farmlands for years, and the Kikuyu had been crowded onto tribal reserves and reduced to the status of wage laborers.

In 1947, the United Nations proposed that Palestine should

Be divided into Jewish and Arabic halves

Gandhi predicted that "rivers of blood" would flow in the wake of the creation of

C) Pakistan.

In both Guatemala and Nicaragua in the 1950s and 1960s,

C) the United States supported military dictatorships that were anticommunist.

The French fought to retain Algeria because

C) there were two million French settlers in Algeria.

A Geneva peace conference regarding Vietnam in 1954

E) All these answers are correct.

From 1980 through 1988, Iran was involved in a bloody war with

Iraq

The leader of the African National Congress was

Nelson Mandela

The U.S.-backed Somoza family ruled what country for more than forty years?

Nicaragua

At the Bangdug Conference, new African and Asian countries discussed

Nonalignment, which was finding a third path besides the US and the Soviet Union

Deng Xiaoping

Opened China to foreign, capitalist values

In 1960, sixty-nine blacks were slaughtered in South Africa in the __________ massacre.

Sharpeville

Nicaragua was ruled by the

Somoza family, who were backed by the US

The Vietnamese Declaration of Independence was modeled on

The American Declaration of Independence

In the Balfour Declaration of 1917,

The British government committed itself to supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine

Civil war broke out in Pakistan in 1947 due to

The UN's decision to divide Palestine into two states, Arab and Jewish

Mobutu Sese Seko was the dictatorial leader of

Zaire

Nationalism was a powerful force in

postwar independence movements.

Apartheid ended in South Africa because

E) All these answers are correct.

The regime of the Iranian Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi was overthrown because

E) All these answers are correct.

After a long and bloody conflict, the Algerians gained their independence in 1962 from

France

Gandhi and Nehru opposed the partition of India because

D) they believed that India could be a successful multicultural state.

Mohandas Gandhi was assassinated by a

B) Hindu extremist.

Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser gained great international prestige when he

B) succeeded in retaking the Suez Canal from the British.

The leader of the Arab world in the 1950s and 1960s was

Gamal Abdel Nasser

The European country that served as the mandate power in Palestine after World War I was

Great Britain

The leader of North Vietnam was

Ho Chi Minh

The disastrous Great Leap Forward was backed by

Mao Zedong

The nonalignment movement remained weak because

C) many nonaligned states needed and accepted aid from either the United States or Soviet Union.

The Iran-Iraq war was fueled by

both religious and ethnic differences.

The achievements of modern Israel are undeniable. Lacking significant oil or mineral resources, Israel is nonetheless

the most prosperous and democratic state in the region.

South Africa was technically a democracy but,

until 1990, only for a small white ruling class.

A number of forces contributed to the process of decolonization and helped shape postcolonial societies, including the following:

wars of liberation, cold war politics, ethnic and religious conflicts, new democracies, creation of Israel

The road to independence was sometimes amicable, as in Ghana and Morocco, but

was often fiercely contested, as in Kenya and Algeria.

In The Wretched of the Earth, Frantz Fanon

Urged the use of violence against colonial oppressors

In sub-Saharan Africa, democratic governments were soon taken over by military dictators,

and those states often plunged into prolonged civil wars.

Notable exceptions to this global retreat from democracy are Mexico and India,

both relatively stable and continuous democracies.

Colonial powers fought to recover the empires that

once attested to their world dominance.

In the global conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union, new states were

pressured to choose between the superpowers.

In Vietnam the struggle for national liberation began with

resistance to the Japanese during the war and continued afterward against the French.

The Egyptian leader who both masterminded the surprise Yom Kippur attack on Israel and facilitated the peace process with the Israelis was

Anwar Sadat

Mao Zedong's commitment to Chinese self sufficiency and isolation was moderated by

Deng Xiaping, who entered China into the international financial and trading system

In 1946, some six thousand people died in the Great Calcutta Killing in a confrontation between

Hindus and Muslims

The Indian leader who attempted to control the massive population growth in India by ordering involuntary sterilization was

Indira Gandhi

The desire for the reassertion of Islamic values in Muslim politics was at the heart of

Islamism

Jomo Kenyatta was a nationalist leader in

Kenya

Ayatollah Khomeini

Led a Shia revolution in Iran that took over Shah Mohammed Pahlavi's regime

The Suez Canal crisis of 1956

Left Gamal Abdel Nasser as the leading figure in the Arab world

Muhammad Ali Jinnah called for the creation of

Pakistan

The Bandung Conference

Pushed forward the nonalignment movement

In 1948, the system of apartheid was put into place by the Afrikaner National Party in

South Africa

The Gulf War was initiated by

The invasion of Kuwait and included operations Desert Shield, Desert Storm, and Desert Calm

The Year of Africa was

The winning of independence in 1960 of 13 former European African colonies

Both Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru felt that communism

Was dangerous because it emphasized religious over national identity

In regard to international affairs, Nehru

Was one of the leaders of the nonaligned movement

Foreign aid and military support were often

contingent on an alliance.

Stronger nations like India presented a third alternative,

nonalignment, with limited success.

Many of the new states were ill-prepared for self-government, lacking both

the institutions and traditions that support democracy.

In states where the national identity was defined by religion or ethnicity, however,

this force could lead to internal and regional conflicts.

Unresolved tensions over the status of Muslim Palestinians and the future of the occupied territories

continue to threaten the region and hamper efforts to find a peaceful resolution.

Concern for local settler populations also

contributed to their resistance.

The partition of India into Muslim and Hindu states

did little to ease tensions in that region.

In sub-Saharan Africa, where national boundaries bore little relation to tribal lands,

each new nation was a potential hothouse for ethnic conflict.

As a result of the Cultural Revolution in China,

A) the educated elite were persecuted, and China was deprived of their talent.

Juan Perón, a nationalistic militarist who was nonetheless popular with the poor, ruled

Argentina

Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated because she

B) permitted an attack on Sikh extremists at the sacred Golden Temple.

Britain withdrew from Palestine in 1947 because

B) they could not resolve the conflict between Palestinians and Jews.

Kibbutzum were

Communal farms of Jewish migrants from Europe in Palestine, seen as threatening Arabians

Who seized power after a bloodless coup ended the monarchy of King Farouk?

E) Kwame Nkrumah

What country has the Institutional Revolutionary Party ruled for much of the twentieth century?

Mexico

Argentina, in the late 1970s and early 1980s,

Was ruled by military dictators who caused the "disappearance" of thousands

Peace treaties that advanced the notion of limited Palestinian self-rule were signed in 1993 and 1995 by Yasser Arafat and

Yitzhak Rabin

The founder of the Palestinian Liberation Organization was

Yasser Arafat

On 30 January 1948, Mohandas Gandhi was assassinated by

A Hindu extremist

Kwame Nkrumah was

The most important nationalist leader in Africa, also the leader of the first sub-Saharan Arican nation to gain independence