chapter 4
In therapeutic research, patient-subjects are themselves expected (or at least hoped) to benefit medically from the new drug, vaccine, treatment, or diagnostic procedure under investigation. a) true b) false
true
Incomplete replacement of live animals refers to the use of some biological materials derived from living or humanely killed animals. a) True b) False P. 311
true
Is it true that duty of physicians who participate in medical research is to protect the life, health, dignity, integrity, right to self-determination, privacy, and confidentiality of personal information of research subjects. true false pg.255
true
Most of the literature on the ethics of human research is concerned with specifying the conditions under which research involving human subjects is ethically acceptable. a) True b) False pg.246
true
Non-therapeutic research is often characterized as research whose sole aim is to furnish data that contributes to generalizable knowledge. a) True b) False Pg. 244
true
Randomized clinical trials cause difficulties and ethical issues due to doctors having to play roles as both physicians and scientists at the same time. A. True B. False p. 260
true
Research and experimentation refers to a set of scientific activities whose primary purpose is to contribute to generalizable knowledge about the chemical, physiological, or psychological processes involved in human functioning. True False pg. 243/244
true
The Declaration of Helsinki was the 1st major code of research ethics to address the participation of incompetent subjects. a) true b) false
true
The Nuremberg Code and Declaration of Helsinki are similar because they both require informed consent for human experimental purposes. a) True b) False pg. 246
true
The OTA (Office of Technology Assessment) suggests teaching by demonstration instead of by individual students use of animals. a) True b) False p. 303
true
The OTA study presents numerous suggestions involving the replacement, reduction, and refinement of the use of animals. True False pg. 303
true
The access model stress that participation in research can, in the absence of effective therapies for some illnesses, benefit subjects. a) True b) False Pg. 245
true
The conflicting moral demands arising from the use of RCT dismisses the standard conflict between rights-based moral and utilitarian theories. A) False B) True (pg 260)
true
The dilemma about enrolling patients in randomized clinical trials is generated by the claim that physician has a strict therapeutic obligation t inform the patients of the physician's treatment preference, even when the preference is based on evidence that is not of the highest quality. True False P. 265
true
The term 'alternatives' is often used to refer to the replacement of live animal use with non animal techniques. a) True b) False p. 311
true
There are 10 ethical codes to The Nuremberg Code. True False Page 253
true
True or false Respect for patients values is the central purpose of informed consent. True False pg266
true
While participating in RCTs, promotion of the patient's best interests would ruin a study. a)True b)False
true
the Declaration of Helsinki states that the first major code of research ethics is to address the participation of incompetent subjects. Determine the difference of how benifical/ gains it will in research for some circumstances. A)true b) false pg. 248
true
The NBC identifies which morally relevant features: a. sentience b. higher cognitive capacities c.sociability d. possession of a life. e. all of the above
. all of the above
According to Paul Litton and Franklin G. Miller, the essential purpose of clinical research is to produce generalizable medical knowledge that will improve medical care for future patients. a) True b) False p. 269
true
According to the "no-status view," animals' interests have no moral importance except where our treatment of animals affects human interests. 1)T 2)F pg. 307
true
Alternative methods to using animals for testing could include in vitro experimentation and computer simulation. a) false b) true page 296
true
Animals do not have rights because they are incapable of responding to moral claims and/or moral judgment. a.) True b.) False p. 293
true
Apparent ethical dilemmas arise when physicians consider enrolling their patients in randomized clinical trials. a) true b) false pg. 265
true
Background information is important and makes a difference in studies. a) true b) False Pg. 249
true
Carl Cohen defends the use of animals in research because, in his opinion, only humans can have rights. a) True b) False
true
DeGrazia distinguishes between four views on the moral status of animals: no-status, equal consideration, unequal consideration, and animal rights. a) True b) False pgs. 307-308
true
Discussions of whether or not individuals hace a duty to serve as research subjects sometimes reflect what may be called the the protection model. True False pg 245
true
In the biomedical context, therapy ordinarily refers to a set of activities whose primary purpose is to relieve suffering, restore or maintain health, or prolong life. True False
true
In the biomedical context, therapy ordinarily refers to a set of activities whose primary purpose is to relieve suffering, restore or maintain health, or prolong life. a) true b) false
true
Two noteworthy differences between the Nuremberg Code and the Declaration of Helsinki are that the Declaration of Helsinki addresses informed consent from incompetent subjects, and sets out guidelines for the treatment of animals. a) True b) False
false
Activists often aset that patient with AIDS have a right to participate in promising studies. This would be an example of: A) The protection model of participation B) The access model of participation C) Both A and B D) Neither A or B Page 245
B) The access model of participation
When a patient is involved in therapeutic research they will never be asked to undergo additional procedures unrelated to their own therapy. a) True b) False
false
When participating in a randomized clinical trial, signing an informed-consent form waives the rights implicit in the doctor-patient relationship. a) True b) False pg. 262
false
the benefits to participants during research are.. A. Heightened medical attention during the study B. Improvements to health and health care C. More one on one time with a physician D. Collateral health services unnecessary for research study E. Both B and C. pg 291
Both B and C.
Paul Ramsey, holds that informed consent is the _____. a) Chief canon of loyalty b) Consent where appropriate of a proxy c) Dependence on others to protect their interest. pg.246
Chief canon of loyalty
______ argued that only human beings can have rights. a. Brody b. Bouvia c. Cohen d. Andrew page 299
Cohen
Who advocates animal interests being comparable to human interests? A) Don Marquis B) Peter Singer C) Baruch Brody D) Carol Cohen (pg 251)
Peter Singer
The sliding-scale model of moral status for animals is where humans deserve full, equal consideration and other sentient beings deserve trivial, but less-than-equal consideration. a) True b) False p. 308
false
David DeGrazia suggests all but one of the following when it comes to identifying a palatable compromise in regards to animal research where consensus is unavailable . . . a) Great apes should not be used in research unless their participation is voluntary/compatible with the best interests of the individual research subjects. b) Wild animals should never be captured for laboratory research. c) Toxicity testing on live animals should not be banned because we have yet to make enough significant progress in alternative testing. d) Where animal research is permitted, housing conditions must meet the basic needs including physical, psychological, and social of the animal subjects. p. 311,312
Toxicity testing on live animals should not be banned because we have yet to make
According to the OTA report on alternatives to animal research, which of the below is not an alternative? A. Using human and animal cadavers B. Using brain-dead humans C. Sharing information D. Using plants instead of animals Pg. 303
Using brain-dead humans
The _________________ Conclusion is that human experimentation is not just morally permissible, but morally required, because its future benefits and prevention of harm to many will far outweigh its harmful consequences to some research subjects. a. Therapeutic b. Utilitarian c. Psychiatric d. Non-therapeutic
Utilitarian
Who establish the three R's ( refinement of techniques to reduce suffering, reduction of numbers of animal subjects, and replacement of live animals wherever possible) ? 1.William Russel and Rex Burch 2. Jeremy Bentham 3. Jhon Stuart Mill pg. 307
William Russel and Rex Burch
The _____ model stresses that participation in research can, in the absence of effective therapies for some illness, benefit subjects. a.) access b.) paternalistic c.) protection d) fair pg. 245
a.) access
As part of the Fair Benefits Framework for developing countries, which is included as benefits to the population during research a) health services unnecessary for the research study b) employment and economic activity c) public health measures d) all of the above p. 291
all of the above
Which of the following can be used as substitute techniques in the current biomedical use of of animals? a) cold-blooded for warm-blooded animals b) invertebrates for vertebrates c) plants for animals d) all of the above e) none of these
all of the above
The purpose of randomized clinical trials is to: A) free medication B) avoid the problems of observer bias and patient selection C) get more money D) improve health care Page 263
avoid the problems of observer bias and patient selection
____________ refers to a set of scientific activities whose primary purpose is to contribute to generalizable knowledge about the chemical, physiological, or psychological processes involved in human functioning. a) Therapy b) Research c) The protection model d) The access model p. 243-244
b) Research
________________ say "that physicians, even when acting as researchers, have the same duty of fidelity to subjects as they do to their patients". a) Hellmans b) Marquis c) Paul Litton and Franklin Miller d) both A and B e) none of the above p248
both A and B
What is the main central theme emphasized in The Nuremberg Code? a) suffering should be minimized b) only doctors should perform experiments c) voluntary consent is absolutely essential d) subjects may leave an experiment
c) voluntary consent is absolutely essential
In 1992, the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) a.) Emphasized the centrality of voluntary consent b.) Adopted an ethical code to guide physician and other investigators who conduct medical research involving human subjects. c.) Published guidelines for the appropriate use of research subjects from underdeveloped communities." d.)Argued that one need not be a moral agent to possess rights, as suggested by the examples of human infants and severely retarded humans.
c.) Published guidelines for the appropriate use of research subjects from underdeveloped communities."
the protection model includes which of the following: a) emphasis the participation that involves the risks the subjects are going to take b) individuals have to right to participate in promising studies c)states some treatments might actually benefit d) none of the above
emphasis the participation that involves the risks the subjects are going to take
An Act utilitarian would say that no matter how many patients are cured from AIDS, animal testing is immoral. a) True b) False pg. 302
false
Carl Cohen believes we should reduce the use of animals in biomedical research. a) True b) False pg 297
false
Kantian deonologists who oppose animal research, feel this way because they think the overall good resulting from these experiments is not sufficient to justify the negative consequences. a) True b) False pg 302
false
T/F According to Paul Ramsey, only individuals who are capable of knowingly involving themselves in a common cause with the researcher have given their informed consent. true false Pg 246
false
The Declaration of Helsinki's paragraphs are intended to be read individually and to separate each paragraph from one another. True False Page 254
false
The Nuremberg Code states that once the human subject is enrolled in the experiment, he or she must stay enrolled until the experiment has come to an end. a) True b) False
false
The Nuremberg code, which was developed after the second world war, points out that voluntary consent can ruin an experiment an is not desirable. a) True b) False
false
The goal of the AZT studies was to see if lower doses of the drug AZT, than those used in the US, could reduce the rate of all transmission forms of HIC. a) True b) False p.280
false
The meaning of human research ordinarily refers to a set of activities whose primary purpose is to relieve suffering, restore or maintain health, or prolong life. a) True b) False
false
The use of placebo, or no treatment, is acceptable in studies where no current proven intervention exists? a) True b) False PG. 257
false