chapter 4

According to John Winthrop's sermon aboard the Arbella, the Puritans had "entered into a covenant" with God, meaning that they

had been uniquely chosen to do God's special work of building a holy community as an example to others.

Puritan communities in the first half of the seventeenth century could be characterized by

3. a high degree of conformity in community members' views on morality, order, and propriety.

King William's War, an attack by Great Lakes and Canadian French forces on villages in New England and New York, demonstrated to the American colonists that

English military protection from hostile neighbors was still very valuable.

In 1688, the Glorious Revolution in England influenced American colonists to

rise up against royal authority (and the concept of the Dominion of New England) in Massachusetts, New York, and Maryland.

Members of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, believed that

God spoke directly to each individual through an "inner light" and that neither a minister nor the Bible was necessary to discover God's word.

New England Puritanism owed its religious roots to the

Protestant Reformation of the early sixteenth century.

Churches played no role in the civil government of New England communities because

Puritans did not want to emulate the Church of England, which they considered a puppet of the king rather than an independent body that served the Lord.

The colony of New Netherland was marked by a

small, remarkably diverse population.

The Wampanoag Indians attacked the New England settlements in 1675 because

the New Englanders had been steadily encroaching on land the Indians needed to survive.

During most of the seventeenth century, New Netherland was

a Dutch colony whose land was discovered in explorations made by Henry Hudson in 1609.

King Philip's War (1676) left New England settlers with

a large war debt, a devastated frontier, and an enduring hatred of Indians.

New England's population continued to grow steadily during the seventeenth century primarily due to

a relatively high birthrate coupled with a climate that helped many children survive and live into adulthood.

Accusing people of witchcraft in seventeenth-century New England seems to have been

a way to explain the continual disorder in some communities by blaming difficulties on mostly older, relatively defenseless women assumed to be in league with Satan.

In 1664, New Netherland

became New York when King Charles II presented it to his brother James, the Duke of York, as part of a larger grant of land.

The New England town meeting

brought together a town's inhabitants and freemen in an exercise of voting and popular political participation that was unprecedented elsewhere during the seventeenth century.

The charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company was unique because it

contained a feature that allowed the government of the company to be located in the colony rather than in England.

Among other things, religious toleration in Quaker-dominated Pennsylvania meant that colonists there

did not have to pay taxes to maintain a state-supported church

The Indian policy in seventeenth-century Pennsylvania

involved purchasing Indians' land, respecting their claims, and dealing with them fairly.

Anne Hutchinson's emphasis on the "covenant of grace" stirred religious controversy in early Massachusetts because

it was feared she was disrupting the good order of the colony.

King Henry VIII saw in the Protestant Reformation the opportunity to

make himself the head of the church in England.

The Halfway Covenant was a

measure instituted by Puritan leaders in 1662 allowing the unconverted children of visible saints to become halfway church members, a measure meant to keep communities as godly as possible.

The seventeenth-century New England economy mainly consisted of

subsistence farming mixed with fishing and timber harvesting for markets in Europe and the West Indies.

Because of the seventeenth-century New England land distribution policy, towns

tended to consist of centrally located family homes and gardens surrounded by agricultural land.

As Roger Williams spent a great deal of time with Native Americans, he believed

that Indian religion and culture was as good as that of the Puritans.

The Puritan doctrine of predestination held that before the creation of the world, God had decided who would achieve salvation,

that nothing one did could alter one's fate, and that very few deserved or would achieve eternal life.

Puritans who described themselves as Separatists believed that

the Church of England was beyond redemption and sought to separate themselves from it permanently.

. The Quaker maxim "In souls there is no sex" helps explain

the degree to which Quakers allowed women to assume positions of religious leadership in the seventeenth century.

When the English assumed control of New Netherland, they continued the Dutch policy of religious toleration because

the heterogeneity of New Netherland made imposing a uniform religion not only difficult but nearly impossible.

Charles II made William Penn the proprietor of a new colony partly

to rid of quakers

Sixteenth-century English Puritanism

was a set of broadly interpreted ideas and religious principles held by those seeking to purify the Church of England and to remove from it what they considered the offensive features of Catholicism.

After Massachusetts became a royal colony in 1691, the defining characteristic of Massachusetts citizenship became

wealth