Chapter 4 a/b social grade 9
Francophone Schools 1983-Francophone parents lobbied for their minority language rights under s.23 of the Charter. 1984-Alberta's first two publicly funded Francophone schools open in Edmonton and Calgary. Today Alberta has 26 publicly funded Francophone schools.
How did Section 23 affect Francophone schools?
1608 → Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec city: New France 1774 → Britain passes Quebec Act = recognizes rights of Francophones 1867 → Confederation/BNA Act establishes bilingual, bicultural nation 1969 → Official Languages Act reasserts the equality of French & English 1982 → Charter confirms official bilingualism and establishes official language minority education rights.
Francophone in Quebec and in Canada have supported legislation to protect their language and preserve their culture in majority and minority settings. List and describe the five events/pieces of legislation that reflect the deep roots of Francophone in Canada's past.
Rights for Francophones and Anglophones are part of what made Confederation, and so Canada, possible. Under the BNA Act in 1867, Confederation established Canada as a bicultural, bilingual country with rights for Francophones and Anglophones. It made French and English official languages of Canada's parliament. It guaranteed public schools for the Protestant minority in Quebec and the Catholic minorities in the rest of Canada. The "rest of Canada" at that time included Ontario, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
4: Where do the Charter rights of official language groups come from?
To validate and express commitment to something
Affirm
Manitoba Schools Act Made Manitoba English only Abolished public funding for Catholic schools
How did Manitoba Schools Act Number 22 draw the founding principles into question?
Canada wanted to build a railway to link the province of British Columbia to the rest of Canada and to open the west to immigration. B.C. joined Confederation on condition that Canada would build the railway. This photo shows railway workers in the 1890s, a few years after the railway was complete. • First Nations and Canada's government wanted to avoid war. Just to the south, Aboriginal peoples and the United States were fighting wars over territory. This photo shows the graves at the site of the Battle of the Little Bighorn in what is today Montana, where more than 100 Aboriginal and 250 American soldiers died in 1876. • First Nations wanted to secure their future. They were facing economic and social upheaval from smallpox epidemics, the eradication of the buffalo, the end of the fur trade, and the pressures of European settlement. This photo shows buffalo bones collected on the Canadian prairies in the 1880s and 1890s.
First Nations in the west and Canada negotiated the Numbered Treaties for many reasons. What three reasons are mentioned?
Confederation -Manitoba is a bilingual province with publicly funded Catholic schools -Alberta/North West Territories was officially bilingual with publicly funded Catholic schools
How did Number 22 draw the founding principles of Confederation into question?
A group that speaks one of Canada's official languages (English or French) and that does not make up the majority population of a province or territory).
#1: What are official language minorities?
Bill C-61 is the First Nations Governance Act. Some of its measures were the First Nations Governance Act established codes of conduct for First Nations officials and required First Nations to prepare budgets for public review. As well, it would allow First Nations to make bylaws for their reserves. Assembly of First Nations Grand Chief Matthew Coon Come ripped up the bill in full view of hundreds of First Nations protestors on Parliament Hill. He called the bill "the Indian Act, Part II." How perspectives and opinions on the bill vary between the First Nations and the government is How perspectives and opinions on the bill vary between the First Nationd and the government is The government thought the bill was needed because the 126-year-old Indian Act is outdated. On the other hand First Nations said the government did not consult them adequately before drafting the bill and called the bill the Indian Act, Part II."
20. Read the article on page 138. What is Bill C-61 - what are some of its measures? How do perspectives and opinions on the bill vary between the First Nations and the government?
Francophone Schools Boards 1983-Francophone parents in Alberta launch a Charter challenge to establish their right to Francophone school boards. 1990-Supreme Court affirms the right today - 25 school boards across Canada, including 5 in Alberta
How did Section 23 affect Francophone School Boards?
Haultain Resolution & NWT Ordinance #22 Made Alberta's parliament English only. Made English the language of instruction for all schools in Ab.
How did the Haultain Resolution and North-West Territories Ordinance Number 22 draw the founding principles into question?
Bill 101 Before -Commercial signs may use only French. -Francophones and immigrants in Quebec must attend Francophone schools Section 23 -Freedom of Expression -Francophones and immigrants must attend Francophone schools. -Equality rights - parents want to educate children in English. After Charter -Must use French, but can not prohibit English. French should be more prominent. -Francophone parents do not have the right to English education for their children (violates intent of s.23), however... immigrant parent have the right if their children have already received some education in English.
How did the Section 23 of the Charter change some of the rules set out in Bill 101?
Canada's government believes First Nations gave up their land under the Treaties. Many First Nations disagree, especially since their worldviews do not think of land as something anyone can "own" or "give up." • First Nations recorded the Treaties in their oral histories in their own languages. Canada's government recorded the Treaties in writing in English. The oral and written records disagree on key aspects of the Treaties.
How do perspectives play a role in the interpretation of the Treaties?
It also created officials for each reserve — "Indian Agents" — with the power to decide individually how the government would fulfill its duties. This meant there were many interpretations of what Treaty rights meant on a case-by-case basis.
The Indian Act affirmed the collective rights of First Nations, what did it also do?
How First nations people entrenched Aboriginal right into it is they claimed that not entrenching aboriginal rights into the Charter Of Rights and Freedoms the only way can we truly fulfill the sacred obligation handed down to us by our forefathers for future generations. Anything less would result in the betrayal of our heritage and destiny.
The perspectives on page 134 have to do with Canada's constitution - The Charter of Rights and Freedoms - How did First Nations people entrench Aboriginal rights into it?
Residential schools are schools that removed children from their families and disrupted their connections to their languages, cultures and identities. Residential schools removed children from their families and disrupted their connections to their languages, cultures and identities. They were created because Canada's government commissioned Mp Nicholas Davin to recommend how to provide First Nations with education and to assimilate them at the same time. The Davin report in 1879 recommended residential schools.
What are residential schools? Why were they created?
•To maintain treaty rights •To advance the social and economic welfare of Indian peoples •To secure better educational facilities and opportunities. • To cooperate with federal, provincial and local governments of Indians.
What are the 4 aims of the Indian Association of Alberta?
Section 23 of the Charter says that a French speaking or English speaking minority population of sufficient size in any province has the right to publicly funded schools that serve their language community.
What are the Charter of official language groups for Minority language education rights
Official bilingualism Section 16-20 of the Charter establishes French and English as official languages of Canada, and the right of Canadian citizens to conduct their affairs with the federal government in either official language. These sections also establish New Brunswick as an officially bilingual province.
What are the Charter of official language groups for official bilingualism
The Numbered Treaties are historic agreements that affect the rights and identity of some First Nations in Canada.
What are the numbered treaties
It is a Quebec law that sets down rules for protecting and promoting the use of the French language in Quebec, it states: -French speaking people are a distinct people and French is the language that express their identity. -The people of Quebec want to make French the language of government and the everyday language of work, education and business. * protects and promotes the use of French in Quebec
What is Bill 101?
Sets out the education rights of official language minorities.
What is section 23?
1869-1870 b)The Métis-led Red River Resistance resulted in the Manitoba Act, passed by Canada's parliament. The act established Manitoba as a bilingual province, with education rights for Catholics and Protestants, and Métis land rights. The act specified the Métis would receive more than 500 000 hectares of land in addition to the farms they had established along the Red River
What is the Manitoba Act
The Royal Proclamation of 1973 is when Britain made the proclamation at the end of the Seven Years' War, as it sought to establish control over lands in North America formerly claimed by France. The proclamation recognized First Nations' rights to land, and established the principle of making treaties with First Nations through peaceful negotiation. Other laws also affect the collective rights of First Nations, including the Indian Act and section 35 of the constitution
What is the Royal Proclamation of 1763? How did it come about, and how did it affect First Nation peoples?
a)1975-1879 b)Canada's government issued scrip to the Métis, instead of establishing Métis lands in Manitoba. In some cases, it offered the Métis a choice: to accept scrip or to become "Treaty Indians" under a Numbered Treaty. In the view of Canada's government, the Métis did not have the same rights to land as First Nations — and did not require reserves. The Métis perspective was — and is — that the Métis have rights to land as an Aboriginal people.
What is the Script
Other laws that affected First Nations people are the indian act and section 35 of the constitution.
What other laws affect the collective rights of First Nation peoples
First Nations is more appropriate to use out of the two.
Which one is more appropriate to use? indian or First Nations
The act defines who may be registered as a "status Indian" with Treaty rights. This means the federal government mostly controls these decisions, not First Nations themselves. The Indian Act was — and is — a way for the government to administer Treaty rights to Treaty peoples.
Who/what defines who may be registered as a "status Indian"?
Why prime Minister Pierre Trudeau not originally support section 35 is because he believed Aboriginal people needed to be equal with other Canadians. He viewed laws that set them apart — such as the Numbered Treaties or provisions in the constitution — as obstacles to their equality.
Why did Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau not originally support section 35?
an annual payment. Under the Numbered Treaties, annuities are mostly symbolic today. For example, the members of Treaty 8 each receive $5.00 per year.
annuity
the shared identity of a group of people, especially because of a common language and culture
collective identity
rights guaranteed to specific groups in Canadian society for historical and constitutional reasons. These groups are: Aboriginal peoples, including First Nations,Métis and Inuit peoples; and Francophones and Anglophones.
collective rights
•It defined how First Nations peoples had to conduct their affairs, such as band elections, although First Nations had their own ways of governing themselves. •At points in its history, the act restricted the right of First Nations people to travel freely, to take political action, to wear traditional dress, and to take part in traditional ceremonies. • Until 1960, the act required First Nations people to give up their legal identity and Treaty rights to gain the right to vote.
he Indian Act originally aimed to assimilate First Nations peoples. The textbook mentions three different ways they tried to do this, list them below:
Independence as a people, with a right to self-government
sovereignty
yes First Nations agreed to share their lands and resources in peace. Canada's government agreed to terms covering First Nations' education, reserves, annuities and other matters. The terms differ from Treaty to Treaty. (See the chart below.) • For First Nations, the Numbered Treaties are sacred — nation-to- nation agreements, solemnly made, that cannot be changed without their agreement. Treaty rights and citizenship go together for First Nations now, in the past and into the future.
were the numbered treaties between the Queen and first nations
a)1885 b)The Northwest Resistance sought to protect Métis lands in what is today Saskatchewan, as the railway and settlers moved into western Canada. Canadians had — and have — different interpretations of this event in Canadian history. c)This was an important step to recognizing métis collective rights in Canada because for many Métis, it was a way to assert their rights, like the Red River Resistance. For others — including Canada's government at the time — it was an attempt to overthrow Canada's authority.
what is the Northwest Resistance