Chapter 4- Age of Religious Wars Nolan's Practice
Sea beggars
An international group of anti-Spanish exiles and war criminals, they captured the port city of Brill. ** MANY OF THEM WERE ENGLISHMEN
what is Apology, by william of orange?
Apology was a book by william of orange who denounced philip ii as a tyrant
Phillip II
Wanted to expand Spanish power in Europe as well as defend/ spread Catholicism throughtout Europe and secured his role as defender of Catholicism by defeating the Ottoman Turks in naval Battle of Lepanto in 1571
When were rulers more successful in achieving their goals?
When they were politiques
When did the Catholic league become prominent in France?
mid 1580s with help of Spanish
The Bohemian Phase
(1618-1625) First phase of the Thirty Years' War- A civil war in Bohemia were the Catholic league fought against the Protestant Union Ferdinand II revokes letter of Majesty - defrestration of Prague - protestant loss @Battle of White Mountain - Maximmliam aided Ferdinand II and spread conflict N into Germany while gaining more territory
The Danish Phase
(1625 - 1629) Second phase of the Thirty Years' War- King Christian IV of Lutheran King of Denmark intervened in Bohemia to support the Protestants so he entered the HRE Results: Albert Von Wallenstein defeats Christian IV and sends him REELING back Result: Edict of Restitution issues by Ferdinand II
The Swedish Phase
(1629 - 1635) Third phase of the Thirty Years War- Swedish Swords French Funds Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (famed military strategist) helps with mobile artillery - defeated Ferdinand II's forces in the Battle of Breitenfeld - Wallenstien assassinated - Peace of Prague
Swedish-French Phase
(1635 - 1649) Fourth phase of the Thirty Years' War- Swedish Sticks French Fists France intervened on the Protestant side and burnt German farms and destroyed German commerce - germany is #destoryed
Treaty of Westphalia
- weakens HRE emperor + empire why? loss of control for German princes - shifts power from HRE -> France - Alcase given to France - Bradenburg-Prussia gains territory - Dutch Netherlands given independence - Switzerland given independence - Calvinists approved/accepted - Allowed to worship privately
How does the land divide up with Charles X abdicates his throne?
1) Ferdinand I receives Austria + HRE 2) Phillip II gets Spain + Low Countries
What are two examples of successful resistance movements during the Dutch Revolt (protestant side)?
1. Capture of port city of Brill by "Sea beggars" - Result: spread resistance southward and sparked resistance against the Duke of Alba 2. People of Leiden long resisted Spanish sieges - The Dutch opened their dikes to flood country from Spain
What were Granvelle's main goals?
1. Check Protestant power with internal church reforms 2. Break local autonomy of Netherland provinces and centralize the power to Spain (Madrid)
What are the three classical Huguenot theories of resistance and what did they do?
1. Franco - Galia of François Hotman (1573) - argued rep. Estates General of France historically held higher authority than French king 2. Theodore Beza's - On the Right of Magistrates over Their Subjects - justified correction and even overthrow of tyrannical rulers by lower authorities 3. Philippe du Pressis Mornay's - Defense of Liberty Against Tyrannt - warned princes and nobles + magistrates under king as guardians of the right of the body politics to take army arms tyranny in other lands
Events of French Wars of Religion
1. Masscare at Vassy 2. Conde killed - leadership to Colingy 3. Peace of Saint Germain ended 34d war 4. Catherine plotted with guises against Protestants as Protestant influence grew 5. St. Bartholomew Day massacre supported by de Medici - coligny dies 6. mid 1580s Catholic league dominant in Paris 7. Treaty of Beaulieu 8. Revoked Treaty of Beaulieu 9. Henry III dies - secession falls to Henry of Navarre 10. Henry of Navarre -> Henry IV of France ("Paris is Worth a Mass") 11. Treaty of Verins 12. Edict of Nantes
What were the grievances against Elizabeth I?
1. the retention of Catholic ceremony and vestments within the Church of England, which made it appear to the causal observer no Reformation occurred 2. continuation of episcopal system of church gov. -> conceived English church to be theologically the true successor to Rome, while placing it politically under the firm hand of the queen + her archbishop
What was the result of the Spanish fury?
10 catholic (and later the 4 who didn't join joined) and 7 protestant provinces unified in opposition to Spain in something called the Pacification of Grant
What gave England, France, and the N. provinces full (or mostly full) independence?
1569 - England and France formally reconginxed their independence Peace with Spain not concluded until 1609 with 12 Years Truce which also gave n. provinces full indepdence - FULL RECONGITION CAME WITH 1648 TREATY OF WESTPHALIA (HINT HINT 30 YEARS WAR)
Union of Brussels // result of the union of Brussels
1577 four provinces who had initially held out of Pacification of Ghent joined, making resistance unanimous - now all 14 Catholic and 7 Protestant provinces worked together result: Spain fighting a determined and unified Netherlands
baroque
An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements
Presbyterians
A member of a protestant church governed by presbyters (elders) and founded on the teachings of John Knox
The Religious Wars
A series of battles fought by religious minorities to gain freedoms and recognition following the Protestant Reformation
What are the results of the Netherland Civil Wars?
A spilt in Netherlands - N. becomes unified under "Union of Utrecht" primarily Protestant - S. remains Spanish + Catholic influence under "Union of Arras" AKA Spanish Netherlands
January Edict what occurred after this?
A suggestion signed by Catherine de Medici in order to decrease religious tension that says Calvinists should be allowed to practice openly. - massacre at Vassy
Consequences of the Thirty Years' War in France
Achieved goals of weakening the Holy Roman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy and became the strongest power in Europe
What toll did the Thirty Years' War take on Germany?
By confirming the territorial sovereignty of Germany's political entities, the Treaty of Westphalia perpetuated German division and political weakness into the modern period. Only two German states attained any international significance during the seventeenth century: Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia - the Swedish - French phase completely demolished Germany, too because 1/3 of the German pop. = gone; ag = gone; Econ = in despair etc etc overall: Germany very divided and NOT in a good place
Causes of the Religious Wars
Calvinism was not recognized as an acceptable religion in most countries and was not accepted in the Holy Roman Empire by Charles V in the Peace of Augsburg
Calvinism in France
Calvinists gained a strong following, especially with the nobility who saw Calvinism as a way to express discontent to the Valois kings, and by the 1560s one-tenth of the population was Calvinists (Huguenots)
Who did Henry IV lay foundations for?
Cardinal Richelieu + Louis XIV
What role did Catholic and Protestant extremism play in the struggle for supremacy between England and Spain?
Catholic extremist were encourage by Jesuits to plot against Elizabeth I AND REPLACE HER WITH MARY TUDOR - this seemed reasonable because Elizabeth I was declared illegitimate by Henry VIII but Mary... had strong ties to the throne The Protestants were trying to "purify" then atonal church and make the Protestant doctrine more precise Protestant extremist known as puritans formed their own groups ( Presbyterians and Congregationalist) with semiautonomous congregations government by representative presbyterians following Calvin + Geneva' model
Who was the Netherlands supposedly united under AT FIRST(hint: not actually united)?
Charles V
War of Three Henry's
Conflict between Henry III (ruler that took power after Catherine de' Medici) Henry of Guise (a radical Catholic) and Henry of Navarre (a protestant), with Henry of Navarre emerging victorious and crowned Henry IV
Consequences of the Thirty Years' War in Germany
Decimation of population and economy, and upholded political fragmentation
What caused the Union of Brussels to break?
Don John, Farnese of Parma, and Regent Margaret's Son revised Spanish power in the Southern Provinces - therefore, the fear of Calvinist extremism moved the leaders to break the Union of Brussels
What was the significance of the Sea Beggars to Elizabeth I of England
Elizabeth I disassociated herself from them... lol and barred their ships from English ports
Who advocated for Spain in the Dutch Civil Wars?
England
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Event in which 20,000 Huguenots were killed
Civil Wars in Netherlands
Fighting between Protestants and Catholics when the Calvinists were gaining the upper-leg in the "most Catholic king's" territory - Phillip II and Spanish Troop were unable to suppress fighting
What are Phillip II's feelings towards Elizabeth I?
He is the most Catholic king... Elizabeth is not Catholic.... she is Protestant. Therefore, Phillip II already is anti-Elizabethan England
Who was the last powerful Valois? Why?
Henri II ANSWER
Day of the Barricades
Henry III failed attempt to rout the French Catholic League with a surprise attack in 1588. The effort failed and the King had to flee Paris.
How did Henry of Navarre rise to the throne? How did Pope Sixtus V and Philip II feel about this?
Henry III was a childless Valois king so Henry IV was next in line - Phillip + Pope wanted France to be Catholic and politically weak so they were not happy
What was Henry of Navarre's new name as king?
Henry IV of France
Where were William of Orange's main bases for spreading the pro-resistance during his exile? Also, where was he governor or Stadholder?
Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht -> in these locations he was governor
What was the significance of the Treaty of Beaulieu? What later occurred to this treaty? Why?
Huguenots granted complete religious and civil freedom Issue: France not really ready for this large amount of toleration so it was void so they went back to limited worship
Edict of Restitution
Issued by Ferdinand II in 1629 and forced all Catholic lands that were overtaken by Protestants since the Peace of Augsburg to be returned immediately
What was the significance of Mary Queen of Scots to John Knox?
John Knox a
Ferdinand II
Led the Catholic League in the Thirty Years' War
Frederick V
Led the Protestant Union in the Thirty Years' War
Who was leading the opposition against Regent Margaret gov./policies?
Louis of Nassau - was followed by Dutch townspeople + Calvinist nobility
What did Regent Margaret's son call the Protestants and what was the result of this action?
Name: Protestnat Beggars Result: Calvinists riot the cities angrily. Louis of Nassau calls for aid from French Huguenots and now the revolt in in full swing
How was Phillip II able to dominate international politics for much of the latter half of the 16th CE?
New world riches, increased population, efficient, bureaucracy and military, supremacy in the mediterranean, had religiously unified all of Spain with inquisition
Was the Dutch rebellion successful? If so, why? If not, what happened as a result of it?
No, it was not successful because the Dutch nobility would not support the cause because they did not like iconoclasm/anarchy - Result: to suppress revolts Phillip II of Spain enlists the expertise of the Duke of Alba (this was a pure show of Spanish power)
Did William of Orange succeed uniting all 17 Dutch provinces against Spain?
No, they were too religiously divided
What was the reign of the Duke of Alba called in the North + South? How many years was his reign and what was the impact?
North - Council of Blood South - Council of Troubles Impact/years: 6 year reign; killed thousands of heretics including Egmont
Consequences of the Inquisition the Netherlands
Northern Netherlands consisted of mainly Calvinist, 7 provinces became know as the Dutch and the Southern Catholic provinces became know as the Spanish Netherlands
What happened to William of Orange due the reign of the Duke of Albas? What was he doing?
Orange was exiled during his reign but still remained active against the Netherland resistance against Spain
How did religious conflict in Europe evolve over the course of the 2nd half the 16th CE?
Peace of Augsburg didn't give Calvinists the rights they desired - so, they kept fighting leading to these upcoming Religious Wars. The Catholics and Protestants had many differing views from one another as Catholics had the supreme leader as the high clergy (bishops, popes). While the Protestantes were more about prebysters, elder people who directed affairs of early Christian congregations. Protestants - still had gentle artwork and were more towards iconoclasm. Catholics were all about baroque (heavy, dramatic, ornamentation + curves) now. Overall - there is a Catholic + Protestant struggle for the crown of France, Netherlands, and England.
Who was the "Most Catholic King"?
Philip II
What occurred between Phillip II of Spain and William of Orange?
Phillip II of Spain declared Orange an outlaw which further deepened Northern resistance. As a result, Orange also denounced Phillip as a tyrant whom the Dutch need not listen to/obey
What the short-term result of the Dutch revolts (1568-1648)?
Phillip II of Spain forced the Dutch to pay for the suppression of their own revolt - so he taxed the Dutch EVEN MORE (10% sales tax)
What events led to the increase in aristocracy, government inefficiency, and population unrest in the Netherlands?
Phillip II of Spain leaves the Netherlands and now Cardinal Granvelle is in charge - He has his three main goals however he was largely opposed by Orange + Egmont - While he was constructing plans to get the Netherlands under Spanish capture -> the Dutch nobility, Orange + Egmont were working (successfully) on kicking him out
Presbyters
Priests or members of the order of priesthood who are coworkers with the bishops and are servants to God's People, especially in celebrating the Eucharist.
What is the Perpetual Edict? What was it's impact for Netherland?
Purpose - removed Spanish troops from the Netherlands within 20 days - signed under Don John William of Orange - gave Orange the Netherlands and temp. ended Phillip II of Spain's plans to use the Netherlands to invade England
Philip's defeat in England
Queen Elizabeth supported the Dutch rebels which outraged Philip , causing him to send the Spanish Armada to invade England, but lost to the English fleet and cemented the British as the prominent naval power in Europe
Catherine de' Medici
Regent for her son Charles IX, devout Catholic and crushed all Protestants who stood in her way
Politiques
Rulers who put political necessities above personal beliefs. For example, both Henry IV of France and Elizabeth I of England subordinated theological controversies in order to achieve political unity.
What did Spain try to do continued to William of Orange's death? Who supported Maurice to maintain the resistance? After this - what did Spain try to do instead that caused some issues with other European nations?
Spain still tried to capture the Netherlands - as a result that still didn't work Maurice was supported by England and France to maintain the resistance - Spain began meddling with France + England conflicts and ended up making an alliance with the Guises to sent armies under Alexander Farnese into France
What is the significance of the Union of Utrecht on Spain?
Spain will never be able to regain control of the protestant north
What was the Spanish + English conflict? What was its result?
Spanish Armada was defeated in the English Channel - result: Spanish resources overextended and this strengthened the Netherlands - Spanish occupation in England + France allowed the Northern provinces to drive Spanish soldiers OUT
Pope Paul III
Started a trend of popes committing themselves to ending corruption within the church and enforcing strict moral strict moral standards and convened the Council of Trent in 1545 to make reforms within the church
Philip's Inquisition on the Netherlands
The Dutch people revolted and tried to assassinate Philip as well as showed their discontent by converting to Calvinism
What is the long-term result of the Dutch revolts (1568-1648)?
The Huguenots/Protestants emigrated from the Netherlands because of all the conflict/Council of Blood
What was the issue with Granvelle's goals?
The Netherlands had been the most independent Euro. state... with a huge Calvinist stronghold
Causes of the Thirty Years' War
The Peace of Augsburg didn't recognize Calvinism as an accepted religion, causing Calvinists within the Holy Roman Empire to fight for religious recognition and toleration.
Consequences of Philip's defeat
The Spanish began a long period of economic and political collapse, the Dutch began a period of economic prosperity, and the increase in England's power
What caused the civil war between the Huguenots and the Catholics in France and what was the outcome?
The duke of Guise surprised a Protestant congregation at Vassy in what is known as the massacre of Huguenots at Vassy in 1562 - this began the Wars of Religion. The war was interrupted briefly, but flared up again after the infamous 'St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre' in 1572 when nearly all leading Huguenots in Paris were slain, and thousands were killed throughout France. After both, the king of France, the Duke of Guise were assassinated, and the Cardinal of Guise, Henry of Navarre, became the legitimate heir to the throne. OUTCOME: In order to pacify the nation Henry converted to the Catholic faith uttering the words: 'Paris is well worth a mass'. In 1598 the new king promulgated the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Huguenots their religious and political freedom.
Thirty-Nine Articles
The official statement of the beliefs of the Church of England. They established a moderate form of Protestantism. - Elizabeth I - revised version of Cramners OG 42 articles
Why did William of Orange's resistances have many early victories?
The popular character of the revolt and they were able to gain more resistance when combining with Calvinism
Congretionalists
form of a Protestant Church that runs independently - EXTREME PROTESTANTISM
After the Union of Utrecht met and announced officially that Phillip II of Spain was not their ruler, who did they elect instead? What was the result of his election?
They elected French duck of Alençon - the South also tried to do something with him as a middle ground for Calvinist and Spanish power but uh.. no that didn't work - Northern provinces cautiously approached this situation and understood that he was sort of a huge failure.... Result: he was a terrible ruler and was kicked from his position
What is the difference between the Union of Arras and the Union of Utrecht?
They were the result of Don John, Farnese of Parma, and Regent Margaret's son reviving Spanish power and aka Catholicism -> this broke the Union of Brussels Union of Arras - Agreement between Southern Provinces (they later got peace with Spain - later were reason for Counter-Reformation) Union of Utrecht - Agreement between Northern provinces **For Utrecht remember Orange had his base and was governor of Utrecht
Who was Don John? What was Don John's significance at the Battle of Lepanto with the Turks? And what was it with the Perpetual Edict?
Who: Spanish commander after Duke of Alba @ the Battle of Lepanto - faced a major victory over the Turks Perpetual Edict - his first humiliating defeat where he was forced to remove all Spanish troops from the Netherlands in 20 days
Which two members opposed the Spanish overlords?
William of Orange and Count of Egmont
What was "The Compromise"?
a solemn pledge to resist the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition, a national covenant
What did Calvin condemn?
condemned willful disobedience and rebellion against lawfully constituted gov = unchristian
Pacification of Grant
declared internal regional sovereignty in matters of religion, a key clause that permitted political cooperation among signatories who were not agreed over religion - it was the German version of the Peace of Augsburg
"The First Blast Of The Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women" - John Knox
declared removal of heath tyrant and christian army as permissible - basically had Mary Tudor in mind
Treaty of Verins
ended hostiles between France + Spain
Edict of Nantes
formal religious statement act that gave Huguenots qualified religious refrreoms - recoonqgized minority rights within a permeant Catholic country - freedom of worship - admission of public offices + uni - permission to maintain fortified towns Issued by Henry IV in 1598 and recognized the rights and freedoms of the Huguenots, easing much of the tension brewing since the Peace of Augsburg and paved the way for the revival of French royal power in the seventeenth century
Why was Phillip II of Spain already (off the bat) successful? And why was he already in trouble?
he got huge territorial gains from Charles V - vv powerful man he also inherited his father's debt
What was the impact of Knox?
he laid grounds for future Calvinist resistance
What was the impact of the St. Bartholomew day massacre?
moved the situation of an internal contest between Guise + Bourbon factions + the desire for Huguenots to obtain rights -> sheer survival against an adversary who's cruelty justified as means of resistance
what did theodore beza justify?
overthrowing and correcting tyrannies
who ended up suppressing the turks?
philip's half brother, don john
what did calvinism want with politics?
political decentralization
What is the Spanish fury?
the Spanish mercenaries were angrily/violently roaming the city of Antwerp - there were leaderless and unpaid soldiers - occurred after don Luis died
what happened due to the catholic league's dispersion?
the european wars of religion began to come to closure