Chapter 4 - Altered Cellular and tissue biology

Which increase would be found in hypertrophy of a muscle? A. Cell size B. Lipofuscin C. Vacuole size D. Number of cells

A. Cell size

A patient with a collection of blood located between the skull and the dura is diagnosed with a condition referred to as a(n): A. epidural hematoma. B. contusion. C. subdural hematoma. D. abrasion.

A. Epidural hematoma

Which condition is the most serious and needs assessment first? A. Heat stroke B. Heat cramps C. Heat exhaustion D. Low-grade fever

A. Heat stroke

Which pigment is lacking in the cells of an individual with albinism? A. Melanin B. Bilirubin C. Melatonin D. Transferrin

A. Melanin

The pigment correctly paired with its color is: A. melanin: brown-black. B. hemosiderin: green-black. C. blue nevus: brown-black. D. bilirubin: yellow-brown.

A. Melanin: Brown-black

Which term describes oxygen failing to reach the blood? A. Suffocation B. Strangulation C. Drowning D. Petechiae

A. Suffocation Suffocation occurs when oxygen fails to reach the blood. It is a subgroup of asphyxial injuries. Strangulation is caused by compression and closure of the blood vessels and air passages by external pressure on the neck. Drowning occurs when water or fluid alters the delivery of oxygen. Petechiae are found on the neck of a victim who has been strangled. It is the result of compression of soft tissue and the breakage of blood vessels.

The process of atrophy is a result of: (Select all that apply.) A. aging. B. lack of blood supply. C. work demand. D. hormonal stimulation. E. need to replace lost cells.

A. aging. B. lack of blood supply. D. hormonal stimulation. Atrophy is a decrease in cellular size caused by aging, disuse or lack of blood supply, hormonal stimulation, or neural stimulation. Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells caused by increased work demands or hormonal stimulation. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells caused by an increased rate of cellular division. Normal hyperplasia is stimulated by hormones or the need to replace lost tissues.

The appropriate term for the reversible replacement of one mature cell by another is: A. metaplasia. B. hyperplasia. C. dysplasia. D. atypical hyperplasia.

A. metaplasia. The term metaplasia refers to one cell type being replaced by another. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells, not a change in their type. Dysplasia, also referred to as atypical hyperplasia, refers to abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of cells.

A characteristic of a stab wound includes: A. the injury is deeper than it is long. B. the injury is longer than it is deep. C. there is a broken bone. D. there is significant crush injury.

A. the injury is deeper than it is long. The injury is deeper than it is long. There is little crush injury because the object used is sharp and it makes a clean entrance. An injury that is longer than it is deep is considered an incised wound. A broken bone is a fracture.

Which individual is most likely to develop frailty? A. A new born B. An older adult C. An adolescent D. A middle-aged adult

B. An older adult

Which characteristic should be used to describe atrophy in a teaching session? A. Excessive cell size B. Decreased cell size C. Increased number of cells D. Abnormal organization of cells

B. Decreased cell size

Which statement is true with regard to calcium? A. Calcium salts accumulate in healthy, living cells with normal body function. B. Dystrophic calcification occurs in chronic tuberculosis. C. Metastatic calcification occurs in damaged tissue. D. Psammoma bodies are individual calcium molecules.

B. Dystrophic calcification occurs in chronic tuberculosis

Which term describes a reduced blood supply to the heart? A. Anoxia B. Ischemia C. Embolus D. Apoptosis

B. Ischemia

Which bodily change can be expected in an older adult? A. Total body water increases. B. Total body potassium levels decrease. C. The stomach increases its rate of emptying. D. The stomach increases its secretion of hydrochloric acid.

B. Total body potassium levels decrease

A decrease in workload, use, pressure, or blood supply appropriately describes: A. physiologic atrophy. B. pathologic atrophy. C. hypertrophy. D. hyperplasia.

B. pathologic atrophy. Pathologic atrophy is a decrease in cell size due to decreased use. Physiologic atrophy usually occurs early in development; for example, the thymus gland atrophies during childhood. Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells.

Avoidance of ethanol prenatally can prevent which condition? A. Lead poisoning B. Dystrophic calcification C. Fetal alcohol syndrome D. Carbon tetrachloride poisoning

C. Fetal alcohol syndrome

Which description characterizes metaplasia? A. It is a decrease in cell size. B. It is an increase in cell number. C. It is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type. D. It is a deranged cellular growth that can be reversed if the offending stimulus is removed.

C. It is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type.

A individual tells the health care provider, "My cardiologist said my left ventricle is enlarged due to hypertrophy, but my family doctor said my prostate gland is enlarged from hyperplasia. Are hypertrophy and hyperplasia the same?" What response is appropriate? A. No, hypertrophy and hyperplasia are different, but hypertrophy is pathologic and hyperplasia is normal. B. Yes, hypertrophy and hyperplasia are the same, but hypertrophy occurs in muscle and hyperplasia occurs in glands. C. No, hypertrophy and hyperplasia are different, but they both can arise when an organ needs to do more work or is stimulated by hormones. D. Yes, hypertrophy and hyperplasia are the same, but hypertrophy deals with the number of cells and hyperplasia deals with the size of cells.

C. No, hypertrophy and hyperplasia are different, but they both can arise when an organ needs to do more work or is stimulated by hormones.

A tear or rip of the skin with a jagged and irregular edge is described as a(n): A. abrasion. B. incision. C. laceration. D. avulsion.

C. laceration. Lacerations occur when the tensile strength of the skin is exceeded. An incision is a precise cut with an instrument that leaves regular clean edges. In a laceration, edges are often jagged and irregular. An abrasion results from the removal of the superficial layers of the skin caused by friction between the skin and the injuring object. An avulsion is an injury in which an area of tissue is pulled away, creating a flap.

The term apoptosis is appropriately defined as: A. second-messenger system. B. autostimulation. C. programmed cell death. D. pass-it-on signal.

C. programmed cell death. Another term for apoptosis is programmed cell death. Autostimulation is when a cell releases a signal that actually affects the cell of origin. A pass-it-on signal is a description for a second messenger system. A second messenger system is a means by which a ligand binds with receptors of a membrane system and then triggers a second system/reaction.

Tuberculous infections are likely to result in a form of necrosis called: A. coagulative. B. liquefactive. C. fat. D. caseous.

D) caseous.

The appropriate term to identify the nuclear dissolution and destruction of chromatin by action of hydrolytic enzymes is: A. autolysis. B. pyknosis. C. karyorrhexis. D. karyolysis.

D) karyolysis.

Which color change is observed in chemical asphyxiation from carbon monoxide intoxication? A. Bronze B. Yellow C. Greenish D. Cherry-red

D. Cherry- red

Which asphyxial injury causes oxygen molecules not to reach the blood? A. Drowning B. Cyanide poisoning C. Illumination deficits D. Suffocation

D. Suffocation

The appropriate term for fragments of burning or unburned pieces of gunpowder that are embedded in the epidermis is: A. exit wound. B. stippling. C. blowback. D. tattooing.

D. tattooing. Tattooing results from fragments of burning or unburned pieces of gunpowder exiting the barrel and striking the skin surface with enough force to be driven into the epidermis. Stippling results when fragments of gunpowder strike the skin with enough force to abrade the skin but not actually penetrate the surface. An exit wound is where the bullet exits the body. Blowback is disruption of the tissues resulting in large, gaping, and jagged appearance to the wound.