Chapter 4: Carbohydrates

Glycogen is a branched structure compromised of many ___________________ units bonded together.

glucose

In the human body, the form of carbohydrate that circulates in the blood and serves as a source of immediate energy is _______________. This can be stored in liver or muscle tissue in the form of _______________.

glucose; glycogen

Fiber is considered a ___________________.

polysaccharide

True or false: Soluble fibers are not readily dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria.

False, are readily dissolved and easily metabolized

True of false: Dietary fiber includes indigestible plant and animal materials.

False, not animal muscle fibers

What is the difference between functional fiber and dietary fiber?

Functional fiber has been added to foods for its beneficial health effects; dietary fiber is naturally present in foods.

Is milk a natural source of sucrose?

No! A natural source found in sucrose is sugar cane, sugar beets, honey, and maple sugar.

What is a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria called?

Non fermentable fiber

_________________ fiber is readily fermented by bacteria in the large intestine.

Soluble

True or false: The 2010 Dietary Guidelines recommend increasing whole grain intake by replacing some refined grains with whole grains.

True

True or false: The liver and muscles are the major storage sites for glycogen.

True

True or false: The main function of glucose is to provide the body with a source of fuel.

True

Of the following polysaccharides, which is digested most rapidly?

amylopectin

Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch.

amylose

Dairy products provide key nutrients responsible for many health benefits, especially improved ________________ health.

bone

A high-_____________ dietary pattern is clearly associated with development of dental carries.

carbohydrates

Which macronutrients provide 4 kilocalories per gram?

carbohydrates

Which type of fiber is an undigestible, non fermentable, straight-chain polysaccharide made of glucose molecules?

cellulose

Most dietary ______________ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest.

fibers

Sucrose is made up of which two monosaccharides?

fructose and glucose

Which two monosaccharides are components of the milk sugar lactose?

galactose and glucose

Name the major monosaccharide found in the body.

glucose

What are the two forms of carbohydrate used by the cell as fuel?

glucose and glycogen

amylopectin

highly branched chain of glucose units

______________, or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together.

maltose

What is a major food source of lactose?

milk

Which type of carbohydrate is formed by linking many (e.g., hundreds) of glucose units together?

polysaccharides

Which type of fiber is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine?

soluble fiber

amylose

straight chain of glucose units

Grains containing the entire seed of the plant, including the bran, germ, and endosperm (starchy interior) are called ____________________.

whole grains

Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?

-amylose -amylopectin -cellulose

Which of the following are common food sources of amylose?

-beans -breads -vegetables

Which of the following types of fruit are great sources of dietary fiber?

-cut-up -whole

Which of the following are examples of simple sugars?

-galactose -glucose -fructose

Which of the following statements about fiber are true?

-is a complex carbohydrate -a substance found in plants -adds bulk to feces

A high-fiber diet is helpful for weight management because

-its bulk contributes to satiety. -it provides few calories.

Place in order the following four steps in the digestion and absorption process of carbohydrates (from top to bottom).

1. Salivary amylase is inactivated by strong acids in the stomach. 2. Enzymes break down starch into maltose in the small intestine. 3. Viscous fiber is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine. 4. Non fermentable fiber escapes digestion and is excreted in feces.

According to the Food and Nutrition Board, carbohydrates should provide __% to __% of total calories in the diet.

45% to 65%

What does the term starch mean?

A carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest