Chapter 4: Food and Religion

Goals of Hinduism (3)

-Become one with the universal spirit or Supreme Being -Then, human consciousness is liberated into a divine consciousness -Liberation is accomplished over many lifetimes through

What kind of foods are eaten on Rosh Hashanah?

-Round challah bread - symbolizes a year of uninterrupted health -Sweet foods for a sweet year (No sour or bitter foods)

Kashrut: -Permitted foods include

-mammals that have a "cloven foot" and chew their cud

The Hindu calendar has ________ major festivals plus numerous other regional festivals

18

Halal - Islamic Dietary Laws -Eating is part of worship -Self-indulgence is discouraged -Followers should only eat to ______ of their capacity - ________ food is encouraged -If not using utensils, eat only with the ______ hand -________—permitted or lawful foods g. All foods are permitted unless specifically prohibited -________—unlawful or prohibited food

2/3 Sharing right (left is considered unclean) Halal Haram

Halal - improperly slaughtered animals -proper slaughter is similar to that of kosher but in addition the name of _________ must be pronounced at the time of the animal's death

Allah

Roman Catholicism - Fast days -Abstain from meat and fast on (2)

Ash Wednesday and Good Friday

In U.S., most Jews are Ashkenazi/Sephardic

Ashkenazi

What are the names of the two groups of Jews that reside in Israel?

Ashkenazi and Sephardic

Hinduism - __________ is the one Supreme Being and the many lesser gods are partial manifestations of him

Brahmin

Around the world, more people follow __________ than any other single religion

Christianity

Five Pillars of Islam

Declaration of faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage

Four Noble Truths

Dukkha, Samudaya, Nirodha, Magga

Eastern Orthodox Christianity - __________ is most important holiday

Easter (eggs are died red in Greece)

Nirvana -basic teachings of Buddha that specify how to live life (2)

Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path

Sabbath -a holy day for rest and worship -Shortly before sundown on _________ until after nightfall on _________ -_________ bread is usually served

Friday & Saturday Challah

Roman Catholicism - Immigrated from (7)

Germany, Poland, Italy, Ireland, Mexico, Philippines, Southeast Asia

relating to meat prepared as prescribed by Muslim law as defined in the Koran

Halal

(Judaism) an eight-day Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the Temple of Jerusalem in 165 BC

Hanukkah

Oldest religion

Hinduism

Buddhism -Originated in India as a revolt against _________ -Many Hindu concepts were retained including (3) through right living -Extremes and caste distinctions are not a part of Buddhism -Goal is to reach ________—a state of calm insight and wisdom

Hinduism reincarnation, karma, and enlightenment nirvana

Kashrut - Products of forbidden animals: -All products of forbidden animals are also forbidden -__________ is the only exception (contains no part of unclean bee)

Honey

Hinduism -Mainly practiced today in ________ where it began -Approx. _______ million Hindus in U.S. in 2008

India 2.3

Protestantism - Mormons -The Church of the _______ ________ ________ -Started in America in the 1800s -_________: 80 percent Mormon -No (3) -For many Mormons: No caffeine -Encouraged to have one year of food in reserve and to fast one day a month

Latter Day Saints Utah tobacco, strong drink (specifically alcohol), and hot drinks (specifically tea and coffee)

Roman Catholicism - ________ ________ or "fat Tuesday" in France is celebrated with festivals on the day before _________ begins

Mardi gras Lent

Protestantism - Seventh-Day Adventists -______ million is the U.S. in 2010 -______ million worldwide -Originated in the U.S. in ______ - ______ is observed from sundown on Friday to sundown on Saturday -Sickness results from violating the laws of health -Health is preserved through eating the right foods, having adequate rest and exercise -_________ is widely practiced, but adherents do eat milk and eggs -No (4)

One 16 1860s sabbath Vegetarianism tea, coffee, alcohol, tobacco

All __________ and some ___________ Jews follow the dietary laws, although interpretations may differ

Orthodox Conservative

Hinduism: __________ is the opposite of purity and should be avoided

Pollution

A joyous celebration in February or March with an "abundance" of food

Purim

Islam - Fast Days -____________ —Most important time of fast—based on the lunar year, this month-long period can occur at any time of the year

Ramadan

Largest number of adherents to one Christian faith in U.S. =

Roman Catholicism

Christianity includes (3) branches

Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Protestantism

Religious New Year based on lunar calendar but usually falling in September or October. Beginning of 10-day period of penance that ends with Day of Atonement.

Rosh Hashanah

Eastern Orthodox Christianity - Large populations from (4)

Russia, Rumania, Serbia, and Greece

Season of the Giving of the Torah; two-day festival 7 weeks after Passover.

Shavout

Halal - prohibited foods -2 main types -improperly slaughtered animals -blood and blood products -alcoholic beverages and intoxicating drugs.

Swine (four-footed animals that catch prey with their mouths), birds of prey, and any byproducts of these animals

Kashrut is set down in the __________

Torah

Holiest day of the Jewish calendar year; A complete fast day (no food or water) from sunset to sunset. Usually a light meal to break the fast

Yom Kippur (the Day of Atonement)

The Eastern Orthodox religion has a variety of feast days and fast days. Which of the following is a fast day or period of fasting?​ a. Eve of Theophany​ b. Theophany c. Dormition of the Holy Theotokos d. Easter e ​Pentecost

a

Islam - Feast Days occur at (4)

a birth, marriage, harvest, and death

In 2010, approximately how many Seventh-Day Adventists lived in the U.S.?​ a. 500 thousand​ b. ​one million c. 14 million d. 100 thousand e. 18 million

b

Kashrut - forbidden parts of permitted animals: -_________ from any animal is strictly forbidden -_________: layer of fat not intermingled with flesh in 4-footed animals

blood Heleb

Kashrut - meat preparation: -All (3) must be removed -Usually done by the ________ _________, but also by some __________

blood, blood vessels, and the sciatic nerve kosher butcher, housewives

Hindu Dietary Practices -In general, Hindus avoid foods that are believed to hamper the development of the (2) -Dietary restrictions and attitudes vary among the _______ -The Laws of _______ (400 C.E.) originally said that there is no sin to eating meat or drinking alcohol but that abstinence from these is better -Many Hindus are _______ - _______—the principle of non-violence—extends to not eating meat -The ________ is considered sacred and is not to be killed or eaten -_______ is usually avoided as well; many other animals are also avoided -Some foods are avoided depending on who prepared the food -Pious Hindus may also abstain from alcohol -In reality, Hindus exercise personal choice regarding food taboos -Products of the living cow are both pure and can purify other products -Running water is used to purify other foods

body or mental abilities castes Manu vegetarians Ahimsa cow Pork

-Beef -Shellfish -Alcohol -​Meat and dairy at the same meal -Fruit a. Prohibited or strongly discouraged by Jews b. ​Prohibited or strongly discouraged by Muslims c. Prohibited or strongly discouraged by Hindus d. Not prohibited by any religion

c a b a d

Approximately how many Muslims live in the U.S.?​ a. one million​ b. 500 thousand c. 29 million d. 2.9 million e. 290 thousand

d

Buddhist monks are in retreat during what time of the year?​ a. October through January​ b. ​January through May c. May through August d. July through October e. October through July

d

Dr. John Kellogg developed the breakfast cereal as a result of the dietary practices of what religious sect?​ a. Mormon​ b. Baptist c. Methodist d. ​Seventh-Day Adventist e. Eastern Orthodox

d

The fast of Ramadan is broken with what food combination?​ a. bread and water​ b. beans and rice c. curried rice and wine​ d. water and dates e. bread and wine

d

Protestantism - Hallmark -an individual is _________ responsible to God in matters of faith

directly

Kashrut - The law of meat and milk: -Meat (________) and dairy (_________) products may not be eaten together -Must wait ________ hours after eating meat to have any dairy -Must to wait _________ hour after eating dairy to have any meat -Separate sets of dishes, pots, and utensils for preparing and eating meat and dairy products -Eggs, fruits, vegetables, and grains are _______—neither meat nor dairy—and can be eaten with both

fleischig & milchig six one pareve

strictest kosher standards =

glatt kosher

a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jews are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law; the basis for the kosher observance

kashrut

a term used to describe food that complies with the strict dietary standards of traditional Jewish law and is divided into three categories: meat, dairy and pareve; more than just health or food safety and often pertains to reverence and adherence to religious tradition

kosher

Kashrut - examination: -Looking for any blemishes in the (2) -If any part of the animal is __________, whole animal is unfit

meat or organs diseased

Close to half of the Jews in the U.S. live in the _________ region of the nation

northeastern

Four Castes of Hinduism -Originally the four castes (plus the untouchables who were outside and below the castes) were associated with (2) -The members of the highest castes, the _________, were the furthest progressed spiritually

occupations and spiritual progress Brahmins

Eight-day spring festival, occurs in March or April; celebrates the deliverance of Jews from Egypt

passover

Jews and Muslims do not eat _________ because it is their totem.

pork

Principles of Hinduism (5)

purity, self-control, detachment, truth, nonviolence

Kashrut - Processed foods can be certified as kosher if _________ supervision during the processing

rabbinical

Kashrut: -The animal must be slaughtered according to __________ -Most of the __________ is drained out in this slaughtering method

shehitah blood

Marvin Harris: ___________ theory -Certain animals benefit the community more alive than dead (used as meat) -So culture develops a spiritual prohibition to protect the animal from being eaten during economically difficult times (e.g. Cows in India)

socio-ecological

Buddhism - Dietary Practices -Vary widely depending on the sect and country -Doctrine forbids ______ ________; therefore, many followers are lacto-ovo-vegetarians. Some eat fish; others only abstain from beef.

taking life