Chapter 4

_____ are the routine conventions of everyday life.

Folkways

Hofstede's results, as might be expected, showed that nations such as _____ scored low on long-term orientation.

the United States and Canada

What is ethnocentrism?

A belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture.

Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism?

An American manager criticizes the cultural practices of Saudi Arabia, when he is sent there on business, because it differs from his own cultural norms

According to _____, suffering originates in people's desires for pleasure.

Buddisim

Which of the following is a closed system of stratification in which social position is determined by the family into which a person is born, and change in that position is usually not possible during an individual's lifetime?

Caste system

Which of the following is true regarding culture?

Culture is not static.

_____ are social conventions concerning things such as the appropriate dress code in a particular situation, good social manners, eating with the correct utensils, neighborly behavior, and the like.

Folkways

Which of the following is a consequence of the emphasis on individual performance in many Western societies?

High degree of managerial mobility

_____ refers to a society that allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun.

Indulgence

According to Geert Hofstede's study, which of the following cultural dimensions would be characterized by a greater readiness to take risks and less emotional resistance to change?

Low uncertainty avoidance

_____ include such factors as indictments against theft, adultery, incest, and cannibalism.

Mores

Max Weber theorized that there was a relationship between Protestantism and the emergence of modern capitalism because:

Protestant ethics emphasize the importance of hard work and wealth creation and frugal

Max Weber coined the term _____ to denote the tendency on the part of Protestants to work hard and accumulate wealth.

Protestant work ethic

Which of the following refers to the extent to which individuals can move out of the strata into which they are born?

Social mobility

Which of the following statements is true about a class system?

Social mobility within a class system varies from society to society.

These are typically defined on the basis of characteristics such as family background, occupation, and income.

Social strata

Which of the following statements is true about the murabaha contract?

The murabaha contract is widely used among the world's Islamic banks because it is the easiest to implement.

Which of the following statements about values and norms of a culture is true?

The values and norms of a society influence social structure.

The _____ is a research project spanning more than 100 countries that explores people's values and norms, how they change over time, and what impact they have in society and business.

WORLD VALUES SERVAY

The _____ instrument is designed to address the notion that a leader's effectiveness is contextual. It is embedded in the societal and organizational norms, values, and beliefs of the people being led.

WVS

Ethical systems are:

a set of moral principles, or values, that are used to guide and shape behavior.

For international businesses, the connection between culture and competitive advantage is important because:

a strong connection is likely to produce the most viable competitors.

A society's social structure refers to its:

basic social organization.

A condition where people tend to perceive themselves in terms of their class background and this shapes their relationships with members of other classes is known as _____.

class consciousness

An upper-middle-class manager tends to have hostile relationship with the working-class employees in the firm because of his tendency to perceive himself as superior to them based on his class background. In this example, the manager exhibits _____.

class consciousness

The connection between _____ and _____ has important implications for the choice of countries in which to locate production facilities and do business.

culture; competitive advantage

A Japanese executive's ritual of presenting a business card to a foreign business executive is an example of _____

folkways

Several studies have shown the economic advancement and _____ are important factors in societal change.

globalization

A _____ is an association of two or more individuals who have a shared sense of identity and who interact with each other in structured ways on the basis of a common set of expectations about each other's behavior.

group

In countries where the value of _____ identification is considered to be primary, managers and workers are discouraged from moving from company to company.

group

Hindus believe:

in reincarnation, or rebirth into a different body, after death.

Class-based conflict between workers and management in class-conscious societies can lead to:

increased costs of doing business.

The social organization of Western society tends to emphasize on:

individual achievement.

A caste system differs from a class system because:

it is not possible for an individual to change his or her caste, while a class system allows people to change their class through individual achievement.

Under the mudarabah banking system, when an Islamic bank lends money to a business

it takes a share in the profits that are derived from the investment.

The _____ refers to the extent to which a culture programs its citizens to accept delayed gratification of their material, social, and emotional needs.

long term versus short-term orientation dimension

Hofstede's masculinity versus femininity dimension looked at the relationship between gender and work roles and found that in:

masculine cultures, sex roles were sharply differentiated, and traditional "masculine values" determined cultural ideals.

Culture is ________.

not static

A group of people who share a common set of values and norms form a _____.

society

Even if a _____ can be characterized as having a single homogeneous culture, often that national culture is a mosaic of subcultures

society

The term _____ also means culture.

society

The term _____ to refer to a group of people sharing a common set of values and norms.

society

An act, as simple as shaking hands when meeting new people is an example of _____.

symbolic behavior

One reason for the shift in values away from collectivism and toward individualism may be:

that richer societies exhibit less need for social and material support structures built on collectives.

Hinduism and Buddhism both stress the importance of

the afterlife

Mores are:

the norms that are seen as central to the functioning of a society and its social life.

The individualism versus collectivism dimension of Hofstede's study explored:

the relationship between the individual and his/her fellows.

Norms refer to:

the social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations.

Hofstede's _____ dimension measured the extent to which different cultures socialized their members into accepting ambiguous situations and tolerating uncertainty.

uncertainty avoidance