Chapter 4-Give Me Liberty

mulattos

A child of a white owner and a slave woman.

unicameral legislature

A one house legislature. Occurred in Pennsylvania when a single house legislature was ellected. Would be controlled into the middle of the 1700s by a group of quaker merchants.

mestee

A person of mixed race

salutary neglect

Because they were preoccupied with events occurring in Europe and rivalries the British government adopted this policy meaning that the colonies were largely governing themselves. With the imperial authority being so weak a lot of large landowners dominated the colonial assemblies

balance of power

Before didn't want once country to have complete power, but After the Peace of Paris the power shifted to the main dominating country being England.

Deism

Belief that god created the earth, but didn't govern over it and that miracles couldn't happen.

liberalism

Believes individual and private liberty, A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

staple crop

Crop that can be sold all over the world for mass profits. Sold for cash. Grow a lot, sell for a lot. Also known as cash crop.

Albany Plan of Union

Drafted by Ben Franklin, desired to create a grand council that would be composed of delegates from each colony. Each colony would send representative to New York and discuss topics such as Indian policy & trade. Hint that colonies would one day be unified. Would be rejected by the colonial assemblies.

Enlightenment

During the 18th century (1700s) there were many in America who had began to feel interested by the outlook of the European Enlightenment. This movement originated in france but soon spread to Britain. It was applying the scientific method to careful thinking. This idea crossed over into the United States with goods and peoples.

colonial assemblies

Elected officials, would try and control finance,

Peace of Paris (1763)

Ended the Seven Years War in Europe and the parallel French and Indian War in North America. Under the treaty, Britain won all of Canada and nearly all of the modern United States east of the Mississippi.

James Oglethorpe

Founded Georgia wanted to make a colony as a barrier to spanish expansion. He was a reformers, let deptters come to Australia. Didn't allow liquor or slavery at first. Founded Georgia in 1732.

John Peter Zenger

German born printer whom emigrated to New York as a youngster. He was paid for by the rich opponents of Governor Will Cosby, started a newspaper called the Weekly Journal. This said paper would rip on the govenor. The new York Council ordered the four issues to be burned and he was arrested for being a seditious libel. Would be found not guilty. Sent message that libel cases are difficult to find guilty of.

Old Lights

Group of baptists. More established, traditional.

New Lights

Group of baptists. New more emotional. Started by George Whitefield

Paxton Boys

Had a march on Philadelphia in 1764, protesting Quaker tolerance of Indians; Wanted to attack Indians who were in the city.

War of Jenkins' Ear

Happened 1739, between British and the Spanish. Began because of Spanish attacks on British merchants in the West Indies

citizen-soldier

Helped fight for the Americans. Were often undisciplined.

Ohio Company

In 1749 government of Virginia gave a half million acres of land to this company. George Washington was a member

Pontiac's Rebellion

In 1763 the Indians of the French Valley launched a revolt against the rule of the British. Hundreds of white settlers were killed.

Fort Duquesne

In modern day Pittsburgh, an expedition lead by General Edward Braddock ended in a french ambush. 2/3 of the 3000 soldiers died or were wounded.

John Locke

Leader of liberalism. Believed in balanced constitution.

Cato's Letters

Letters that would be reprinted in newspapers in where Trenchard and Gordan had strong prosecutions for libel. Said that "Without Freedom of thought, there can be no such thing as wisdom, and no such thing as public liberty, without freedom of speech."

fundamentalism

Literal interruption of the bible, and very big devotion to church.

Cotton Mather

Massachusetts Theologian who said that wealth religion and freedom wen't together.

Piedmont

Means foothills. Referring to area of Chesapeake South. between the coastal plain and the Appalachian Mountains: parts of Virginia and North and South Carolina and Georgia and Alabama. Poorer whites looking for land would go there.

American Philosophical Society

Orignally Junto, founded by Ben Franklin, would debate issues such as literary philosophical, scientific and political issues. Members were men of property and commerce, though sometimes normal people came.

asiento

Permission granted from Spain to Britain to send enslaved Africans to Spain's American colonies. Only ones doing it.

indigo

Plant that was extracted, could die clothes, rich purplish blue.

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the great revival said, " "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

William Pitt

Prime Minister of Britain, took office in 1757. Raised lots of money, and put lots of money into the naval forces and army. Strategy was to provide funds to prussia and Austria, so they would hold the line against France.

Poor Richard's Almanac

Published by Ben Franklin, was widely criticized. Was filled with bits of observation and common sense advice (the saying, "Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise,"). It was the most popular almanac in the colonies.

Stono Rebellion

Rebellion in the town of Stono where South Carolina seized a store containing weapons and went around beating drums, headed towards florida and burnt houses and killed whites along the way and yelled Liberty. Had over 100 slaves. But split up and ended after a battle with colonies militia. 200 slaves died, and 24 whites.

First Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established. Spontaneous upsurge in religious revival. Most famous preachers were Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. Came from the people. Preachers were self educated (NOT FORMALLY TRAINED). Encouraged emotional and personal Christianity. New denotations sprang up and old ones split apart. The baptists split apart.

Middle Passage

Route over seas that slaves went on. Known for its hardship. If slave got sick, would be thrown overboard. The strong would survive.

the New England Courant

Run by the brother of ben franklin, Ben worked there as an intern earlier before he would buy the Gazette.

"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Said by Jonathan Edwards, would sometimes be said outside. NOT supported or encouraged by established churches.

"task" system

Slaves did daily jobs. Did it because it was different than Chesapeake. Would give slaves rewards for completing work.

George Whitefield

Started the Great Awakening, also a leader of the New Lights

Boston Newsletter

The First continuously published newspaper in the US. Started in 1704.

rationalism

Thinking rationally. Deists. Believed in reasoning.

Deists

Type of religion that was a belief that god essentially withdrew after he created the world leaving a world to function according to since without divine intervention. Belief in miracles, were outdated.

Juggernaut

Unstoppable Force. People were heading west, and couldn't be stopped.

Ohio Valley

Valley in Ohio that was caught up in a struggle between the French, British & Indians.

Pennsylvania Gazette

Very well edited newspaper published in Philadelphia and would be bought by Ben Franklin.

revival

Was a change in religious thinking. Great Awakening was this. Emotional and Personal.

"political nation"

Was dominated by the American Gentry, had members that would address letters to each other.

Tidewater

Was the eastern coast where the land was fertile. Especially from the Chesapeake South. Too Hilly in New England

"seditious libel"

While after 1695 government could not censor newspapers, books and pamphlets but they could still be persecuted for this. It was a crime that included defaming government officials, or would be punished for contempt

broadside

a large sheet meant for posting poetry political messages in English.

Fort Necessity

fort built by George Washington in the Ohio Valley to protect the English from the French and indians. Did not hold up against the French and Indian

impressment

kidnapping poor men on the streets for maritime service.

presidios

military outposts established by Spanish. Famous ones were Los Adaes, La Bahía, and San Antonio.

natural laws

revealed by Issac Newton were laws that governed the universe of science. These laws greatly influenced religion.

Father Serra

Born on Mallorca, founder of first California mission. Converted thousands of indians to Christianity. Being considered to become a saint by the catholic church. However forced labor and disease were common among the indians in his reservations.

republicanism

Celebrated active participation in public life by economically independent citizens at the essence of liberty.

Dissenting Churches

Churches that split off and made their own religion. Part of great awakening.

Junto

Club that proliferated and debated literary, philosophical, scientific, and political issues. Was as "club for mutual improvement." It was founded by Ben Franklin in 1727. Started with only a dozen members. Would become the American Philosophical Society.

gullah

Common language of mixed African roots. Was considered unintelligible to most whites.