Chapter 4: Integumentary system

apocrine sweat glands

produce true sweat plus fatty substances and proteins; found in the axillary (armpit) and anogenital areas of the body

functions of hair

protection, heat retention, sensory reception, visual identification

The apocrine sweat glands become active and produce secretory product after ______.

puberty

Exocrine Glands in Skin

sebaceous glands and sweat glands

The skin is said to be ______ because some materials are able to pass through it.

selectively permeable

mammary glands

specialized sweat glands that secrete milk

what layer of the epidermis has dividing keratinocytes?

stratum basale

What layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin?

stratum lucidum

Stretch marks are also called ______.

striae

The secretion from merocrine sweat glands are carried to the surface of the epidermis via ______. The secretions of apocrine sweat glands are carried into __________.

sweat ducts/hair follicles

There are three main variations in the epidermis. These variations are ______, ______, and skin markings.

thickness, coloration

Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL)

when interstitial fluids slowly escape through the epidermis to the surface, where they evaporate into the surrounding air

layers of epidermis (deep to superficial)

1. stratum basale 2. stratum spinosum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum lucidum (only in thick skin) 5. stratum corneum

Healing of second degree burns takes approximately ______ weeks, and slight scarring may occur.

2-4 weeks

In first degree burns, the healing time averages about _____ days, and typically no scarring results.

3-5 days

Keratinocytes of the epidermis are usually present for about ____ week(s).

4

The integument accounts for about _____% of the body weight.

8

subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

Beneath dermis; insulating layer mainly adipose connective tissue Not considered part of the skin

______ cells are derived from white blood cells that phagocytize pathogens in the epidermis.

Dendritic/ langerhans cells

Reticular layer of Dermis

Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding blood vessels, hair follicles, nerves, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands

The connective tissue root sheath of hair originates from the ______.

Dermis

The spiny appearance of stratum spinosum cells is primarily due to the tenacious nature of _____, which function to hold these non-dividing cells together.

Desmosomes

location of merocrine sweat glands

Distributed throughout body/ everywhere

The cells of the stratum corneum contain large amounts of the protein called ______.

Keratin

Which describes the tissue type of the epidermis?

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Most cells of the stratum spinosum are ______.

Keratinocytes

he dermal papillae interlock with deep projections of the epidermis called ______.

epidermal ridges

First-degree burns involve what layers

epidermis

The epithelial tissue root sheath of hair originates from the ______.

epidermis

Nerve fibers in the skin monitor sensory receptors in the ______.

epidermis and dermis

Second-degree burns involve what layers

epidermis and part of the dermis layer

Second-degree burns involve the ______ and part of the ______.

epidermis, dermis

Third-degree burns involve what layers

epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers

location of sebaceous glands

everywhere except palms and soles / associated with hair follicles

When regeneration of damaged skin tissue is not possible, ______ occurs.

fibrosis

exocrine glands

gland that releases its secretions through tubelike structures called ducts

The amount of melanin in the skin is determined by _____.

heredity and ultraviolet light exposure

The subcutaneous layer is also known as the ______ or superficial fascia.

hypodermis

Melanin is transferred in membrane-bound vesicles from _____ to keratinocytes in the stratum basale.

malanocytes

The color of hair is the result of?

melanin production

Which pigments contribute to skin color?

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

The most numerous and widely distributed sweat glands in the body are ______.

merocrine sweat glands

ceruminous glands

modified sweat glands, located in external ear canal, secretes cerumen (earwax)

The accessory organs of the epidermis are hair, ______, ______ glands and sweat glands.

nails, sebaceous

location of ceruminous glands

only in external acoustic meatus

Dermis layers (superficial to deep)

papillary layer and reticular layer

The epidermis of thick skin ranges from 0.4mm to ______ mm thick.

0.6mm

Langerhans cells (dendritic cells)

- Star shaped cells - specialized phagocytes and become antigen processing cells after capturing and processing things like microbial antigens in skin -Found in the stratum spinosum of the epidermis

The epidermis of thin skin ranges in thickness from ______ millimeters to ______ millimeters thick

.075, 0.150

Exocrine glands of skin and their secretion/function

Apocrine: secrete proteins and lipids Merocrine: function in thermoregulation and excretion Sebaceous: lipid material called sebum

There are no blood vessels in the epidermis. The term for lack of blood vessels is ______.

Avascular

Each nail plate consists of a pinkish nail ______ and a distal whitish free ______.

Body, Edge

Some cells in the epidermis produce cholecalciferol. This substance travels to the kidneys where it is transformed into ______, also known as Vitamin D.

Calcitrol

The main structural components of the reticular layer is primarily a network of ______ fibers that extend internally from the reticular layer of the dermis into the underlying subcutaneous layer.

Collagen

The predominant type of protein fiber found in the dermis is ______.

Collagen

The specific orientation of ______ fiber bundles in the dermis is a result of the direction of applied ______ during routine movements.

Collagen, Stress

Papillary layer of Dermis

Composed of areolar connective tissue; contains dermal papillae

Nails are derived from the same type of cells that produce the stratum ______ layer of the epidermis.

Corneum

Another name for the skin is the ______ membrane.

Cutaneous

The keratinocytes within stratum lucidum are flattened and filled with the protein ______, an intermediate product in the process of keratin maturation.

Eleidin

Which are functions of the subcutaneous layer?

Energy reservoir Protection Thermal insulation

There are two types of melanin, _________ and pheomelanin, together they produce various ratios of yellow, reddish, tan, brown, and black shades.

Eumelanin

apocrine glands

Exocrine glands that have cytoplasm in their secretions

merocrine glands

Exocrine glands that secrete without losing cellular material

holocrine glands

Exocrine glands whose secretions are made up of disintegrated cells

The connective tissue layers of the dermis contain cells called ______.

Fibroblasts

In the layer of the epidermis called the stratum ______, the process of keratinization begins.

Granulosum

Sebaceous glands are classified as ______ glands that discharge an oily, waxy secretion called ______.

Holocrine, sebum

Which type of hair is associated with the fetus?

Lanugo

tactile cells (merkel cells)

Large specialized epithelial cells that stimulate sensory nerve endings when distorted by touch or pressure - Found in the stratum basale of the epidermis

Skin is classified as either thick or thin based on two parameters. These are the number of ______ in the epidermis and the relative thickness of the epidermis, rather than the thickness of the entire integument.

Layers

PIgment producing cells of the epidermis are ______.

Melanocytes

Sebaceous glands produce (an) ______ material that coats hair shafts and the epidermal surface

Oily

During the process of keratinization, ______ disintegrate and the cells start to die. Also their membranes become thicker and less permeable.

Organelles

The ______ layer of the dermis contains areolar connective tissue and dermal papillae.

Papillary

______ cuts to the lines of cleavage often results in slow healing and increased scarring.

Perpendicular

Melanosomes are transferred to keratinocytes in the stratum basale via the process of ______ or exocytosis.

Phagocytosis

In anatomy, a single hair is also called a(n) ______.

Pilus

Integumentary Functions

Protection Prevent water loss/gain Temperature regulation mMetabolic regulation Immune Defense Sensory reception Secretion

The secretion produced by apocrine sweat glands is viscous, cloudy, and composed of ______ that are acted upon by bacteria, producing a distinct, noticeable odor.

Proteins and lipids

In what two ways are damaged skin tissues normally repaired?

Regeneration and Fibrosis

When compressed, tactile cells release chemicals that stimulate ______ endings in the dermis.

Sensory Nerve endings

Repetitive mechanical stresses applied to the integument stimulate mitotic activity in the ______ cells of the stratum ______.

Stem, basale

The stratum granulosum is just superficial to the ______.

Stratum spinosum

The skin houses two types of general exocrine glands, which are ________ glands and _______ glands.

Sweat and sebaceous

TRUE or FALSE: Metabolic regulation is a function of the integument.

TRUE

True or false: The epidermis exhibits variations among different body regions within a single individual, as well as differences between individuals.

TRUE

_____ hair is the type of hair that grows on the scalp, and is also the hair of eyebrows and pubic region. In men, it also grows on the face.

Terminal

______ skin contains the following accessories: nails, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

Thin

All people, of all skin tones, have about the same number of melanocytes.

True

True or false: Regeneration in the skin replaces damaged or dead cells with the same cell type and restores organ function.

True

Many cells in the epidermis produce cholecalciferol when exposed to ______.

UV light

In children, ______ is the primary human hair and is found on most of the body.

Vellus

The substances that make sweat feel gritty are ______.

Waste substances

types of sweat glands

apocrine and merocrine

The two types of connective tissue in the dermis are ______.

areolar and dense irregular

Extending from the dermal papillae to the mid-region of the hair follicles are thin ribbons of smooth muscle that are collectively called the ______ muscles.

arrector pili

Extending from the hair follicle to dermal papillae are muscles called _____.

arrector pili

location of apocrine sweat glands

axillae and external genitalia

Nerve fibers in skin control

blood flow gland secretions sensory receptors

Body temperature is influenced by two structures located in the dermis, ______ and ______.

blood vessels, sweat glands

The three recognizable zones along the length of a hair are

bulb, root, shaft

merocrine sweat glands

coiled tubular glands that discharge their secretions directly onto the surface of the skin