Chapter 4 psych

Which of the following statement is correct? a. Both REM and slow-wave sleep appear to be important for learning to take place. b. Infants spend the most time in REM sleep. c. All are correct d. Hippocampus activity can be reduced when we are sleep deprived.

All are correct

Research correlates meditation with which of the following benefits? a. preserved cognitive functioning b. lowered blood pressure in heart patients c. All of the answer options are correct. d. structural changes in the brain

All of the answer options are correct.

Tom awoke from the strangest dream. He remembers vivid emotions, sights, and even smells, but the content of the dream was very scattered and illogical. Why might this be so? a. Frontal cortices are somewhat deactivated during sleep, which contributes to illogical aspects of dreaming. b. Neurons were randomly firing, and Tom's sleeping mind attempted to make sense of this chaotic neural activity. c. The limbic regions of the brain are active during sleep, which could be the source of the emotional content in Tom's dream. d. All of the options are correct.

All of the options are correct.

Heightened religious experiences and meditation can both lead to experiences of altered consciousness. Why is this the case? a. Both practices involve posthypnotic suggestion. b. Both practices involve a spiritual component. c. Both are escapist activities. d. Both practices allow practitioners to direct attention away from the self.

Both practices allow practitioners to direct attention away from the self.

What is the difference between concentrative meditation and mindfulness meditation? a. Concentrative meditation is effective; mindfulness meditation is not. b. Concentrative meditation involves focusing on one thing; mindfulness meditation involves a fleeting awareness of any thoughts, without focusing on any specific thought. c. Concentrative meditation is religious; mindfulness meditation is not. d. Concentrative meditation aligns with the sociocognitive theory of hypnosis; mindfulness meditation aligns with the neodissociation theory of hypnosis.

Concentrative meditation involves focusing on one thing; mindfulness meditation involves a fleeting awareness of any thoughts, without focusing on any specific thought.

The fact that hemineglect patients are unable to detect deficits suggests what about consciousness? a. Everyone is conscious all the time. b. Consciousness can be easily neglected. c. Consciousness arises from the brain processes that are currently active. d. Consciousness operates independently of the brain.

Consciousness arises from the brain processes that are currently active.

According to the filter theory of attention, attention is like a filter because it a. only lets some colors on the light spectrum through to the brain. b. allows only the most important information through to the brain. c. is primarily exogenous. d. involves top-down information processing.

allows only the most important information through to the brain.

While driving to a store, your mind wanders, and you are surprised to find that you have arrived. This experience supports the idea that a. awareness requires automatic processes. b. automatic processes do not require awareness. c. awareness does not require automatic processes. d. automatic processes require controlled processes.

automatic processes do not require awareness.

Dreams occurring during REM sleep are ________; dreams occurring during non-REM sleep are ________. a. likely to include visual hallucinations and illogical content; likely to include auditory hallucinations b. likely to include auditory hallucinations and loss of time and space; likely to include visual hallucinations and illogical content c. bizarre and highly emotional; dull and mundane d. dull and mundane; bizarre and highly emotional

bizarre and highly emotional; dull and mundane

According to modern research, which of the following influence(s) the content of dreams? a. prefrontal cortex b. daily experiences c. hidden conflicts d. motor cortex

daily experiences

Gina drank too much alcohol last night. This made her feel relaxed and sociable because alcohol is a(n) _____. a. depressant b. stimulant c. opiate d. hallucinogen

depressant

Ed and George visit a hypnotist, and Ed volunteers to be hypnotized. As he watched Ed crow like a rooster at the hypnotist's suggestion, George remarked, "Ed looks really relaxed. It looks like he is experiencing a different type of conscious awareness." Based on this remark, George most likely agrees with the ______ theory of hypnosis. a. flow b. dissociation c. altered consciousness d. sociocognitive

dissociation

According to the neodissociation theory of hypnosis, people under hypnosis a. act out what they believe is expected of them. b. experience a trancelike state in which there is separation or dissociation from conscious awareness. c. enter a dreamlike or REM-like state of consciousness. d. take on a role of following directions of the hypnotist simply to gain attention.

experience a trancelike state in which there is separation or dissociation from conscious awareness.

Which of the following is an adaptive function of sleep? a. reducing depression b. facilitation of learning c. synchronizing eye movements d. increasing somnambulism

facilitation of learning

Esme enjoys gardening so much that on one beautiful afternoon, she became completely absorbed in the activity of planting flowers and setting shrubs. Before she knew it, six hours had passed, and she had to force herself to stop. Esme was experiencing ______________ while doing her gardening a. hypnotic analgesia b. flow c. a posthypnotic suggestion d. concentrative meditation

flow

Taimer is considering being hypnotized when she gives birth to her baby. She is hoping to achieve hypnotic analgesia, which will a. help her obediently follow all orders that the doctor gives her. b. help her lose all sense of the time that is passing during labor. c. help her detach from emotional aspects of pain. d. prevent her from feeling sensations associated with pain.

help her detach from emotional aspects of pain.

Suppose that while a man is asking you for directions, a large, framed picture is moved between the two of you. You are most likely to notice that he has been swapped with a different man if he is a. in a different social group from you. b. holding a bag. c. in the same social group as you. d. empty-handed.

in the same social group as you.

Blair has trouble "turning off" his mind at night, which usually results in hours of lying awake in bed. It doesn't help that his wife, Kim, has a sleep condition that sometimes causes her to stop breathing in her sleep and catch her breath in loud gasps. Blair is troubled by ______________, while Kim suffers from ______________. a. insomnia; obstructive sleep apnea b. obstructive sleep apnea; somnambulism c. insomnia; narcolepsy d. obstructive sleep apnea; REM behavior disorder

insomnia; obstructive sleep apnea

James is experiencing a strong drug craving. He is most likely experiencing activation in his a. insula. b. amygdala. c. sympathetic nervous system. d. hippocampus.

insula

When asked a question about information processed in his right hemisphere, split-brain patient J.W.'s left brain could not verbalize an accurate reply. However, he still came up with an answer that showed a logical attempt to construct a world that made sense. In this way, the left hemisphere is often called the ______________. a. executor b. interpreter c. logician d. artist

interpreter

The ______________ hemisphere of the brain interprets behavior that is a result of a posthypnotic suggestion. a. left b. posterior c. right d. anterior

left

This popular drug alters consciousness by blocking the reuptake of dopamine and increasing its release. In the long term, it can cause considerable damage throughout the brain and body. What drug is this? a. methamphetamine b. crack cocaine c. heroin d. marijuana

methamphetamine

After a car accident, John fell into a 10-year coma. While in the coma, he was able to track movement with his eyes and, on occasion, seemed to try to communicate. After waking from the coma, John was able to recall events that his visitors had relayed to him over the years while he was comatose. For example, he knew that his niece recently got married. John was most likely in a ______________ state. a. minimally conscious b. persistent vegetative c. semiconscious d. functionally conscious

minimally conscious

An experimenter gives participants a set of headphones and plays a different story in each ear. Each participant is told to shadow the message in the left ear, and to ignore the message in the right ear. The attended story is ________, while the nonattended story is ________. a. more likely to be remembered; processed at least to some extent b. more likely to be remembered; not processed at all c. within conscious awareness; subliminal d. controlled; automatic

more likely to be remembered; processed at least to some extent

Susan has an alcohol addiction that encompasses not only ______________, in that she needs more and more alcohol to feel buzzed, but also ______________, in that she feels she needs to drink to maintain her social life. a. tolerance; withdrawal b. physical dependence; psychological dependence c. withdrawal; tolerance d. psychological dependence; physical dependence

physical dependence; psychological dependence

Which of the following brain areas is responsible for secreting melatonin? a. pineal gland b. substantia nigra c. suprachiasmic nuclei d. reticular formation

pineal gland

For people who suffer depression, sleep deprivation can increase the activation of ________ receptors in their brain, which in turn can alleviate symptoms of depression. a. norepinephrine b. ACH c. serotonin d. dopamine

serotonin

Your roommate says that you seemed to wake up dozens of times last night, gasping for air. When you woke up this morning, you were unaware of what happened and didn't remember it. Based on this information, you may be experiencing ______. a. insomnia b. REM behavior disorder c. narcolepsy d. sleep apnea

sleep apnea

As you get older, you have fewer (less) __________ during sleep, suggesting that your brain actively has to work to keep you sleeping. a. synchronization b. K-complexes c. delta waves d. sleep spindles

sleep spindles

After staying out late with friends, you arrive back at your dorm in the middle of the night. You stub your toe on your desk and knock over a vase, but luckily your roommate does not wake up. Which type of sleep is she probably experiencing? a. slow wave sleep b. melatonin-induced sleep c. stage 2 sleep d. REM sleep

slow wave sleep

Brandon was hypnotized at a student-life event as part of a performance. The crowd laughed as the hypnotist instructed him to recite the Pledge of Allegiance in Martian. Afterward, Brandon's friends speculated that he was not faking having been hypnotized, but rather behaving as he expected hypnotized people would. This represents the ______________ theory of hypnosis. a. analgesia b. neodissociation c. restorative d. sociocognitive

sociocognitive

Pete attends his young cousin's birthday party. At this party, a hypnotist is making the kids act like barnyard animals. Pete turns to his aunt and says, "Please! They are just acting this way because they think they are supposed to." Pete's statement is most consistent with the ______ theory of hypnosis. a. controlled process b. sociocognitive c. dissociation d. automatic process

sociocognitive

Dillon has a newborn baby. He is sleep-deprived because spends a lot of nights awake with her. At work, Dillon is drowsy while sitting at his desk and his eyes start rolling and his arm twitches. Dillon's experience is best explained by ______. a. stage 1 sleep b. narcolepsy c. stage 3 sleep d. REM behavior disorder

stage 1 sleep

You and your girlfriend are watching your favorite movie when you glance over and notice that she has dozed off. When you nudge her awake, she denies having fallen asleep. Your girlfriend was probably experiencing which type of sleep? a. catnap b. slow-wave sleep c. stage 1 sleep d. REM sleep

stage 1 sleep

Andrea has just truly fallen all the way asleep during a nap when her roommate wakes her up for their geology exam. Andrea wakes up quickly and easily. Based on this information, Andrea was most likely in ______ sleep. a. stage 2 b. slow-wave c. stage 1 d. REM

stage 2

A drug works by blocking the normal reuptake of dopamine, allowing released dopamine to remain in the synapse for a longer period of time. This drug must be a(n) a. stimulant. b. opiate. c. depressant. d. antipsychotic.

stimulant

Dr. Franklin has developed a new drug that makes the user feel very excited, active, and happy. It is also very addictive. Based on these drug properties, his new drug is most likely a ______ and acts on the neurotransmitter ______. a. stimulant; serotonin b. depressant; serotonin c. stimulant; dopamine d. depressant; dopamine

stimulant; dopamine

The effects of particular drugs depend on how the drugs activate different neurotransmitter systems. While ______________ increase behavior and mental activity, ______________ decrease them. a. depressants; hallucinogens b. stimulants; hallucinogens c. opiates; methamphetamines d. stimulants; depressants

stimulants; depressants

Tawny has been craving a Dr. Pepper soft drink all day. She is not sure why, because she rarely drinks this beverage. Her roommate, Abigail, reminds her that last night several friends they were out with were drinking Dr. Pepper. Which of the following has Tawny experienced? a. sleep-related memory consolidation b. subliminal perception c. the global workspace model d. a non-REM dream

subliminal perception

Tawny has been craving a Dr. Pepper soft drink all day. She is not sure why, because she rarely drinks this beverage. Her roommate, Abigail, reminds her that last night several friends they were out with were drinking Dr. Pepper. Which of the following has Tawny experienced? a. subliminal perception b. a non-REM dream c. sleep-related memory consolidation d. the global workspace model

subliminal perception

According to one theory, consciousness arises from the activity of specific areas of the brain. In other words, the currently active parts of your brain contribute to your moment-to-moment experience. What is the name of this theory? a. materialism b. dualism c. the global workspace model d. minimally conscious state

the global workspace model

According to the activation-synthesis theory of sleep, dreaming results from: a. the sleeping mind's attempt to make sense of random brain activity. b. inhibition of the hypothalamus. c. stimulation of the hypothalamus to process visual information. d. neural inhibition, which inhibits mechanisms that normally interpret visual input.

the sleeping mind's attempt to make sense of random brain activity.

Bruce used to experience a great deal of euphoria from a small amount of heroin. Now, however, due to ______________, he must consume a great deal more to get high. a. withdrawal b. psychological dependence c. addiction d. tolerance

tolerance

Dhara knows the capitals of all the countries of the world, but she was not thinking about them until her teacher asked her to name the capital of Estonia, and she was able to answer, "Tallinn." For Dhara, the name of Estonia's capital moved from the ______ level to the ______ level of awareness. a. automatic; controlled b. controlled; automatic c. conscious; unconscious d. unconscious; conscious

unconscious; conscious

Split-brain patient G.C. is in line at a coffee shop when he witnesses a woman in his right visual field about to trip over an electrical cord. Which of the following is most likely to happen next? a. G.C. is able to warn the woman about the cord, because, luckily for her, the incident takes place in his right visual field. b. G.C. makes no attempt to warn the woman, who does trip on the cord, because he is unable to recognize information in his right visual field. c. G.C. knows the woman is about to trip, but because he cannot verbalize information about his right visual field, he is unable to warn her. d. G.C. is capable of warning the woman, but because he has a split brain, he does not feel the social impulse to help her.

G.C. is able to warn the woman about the cord, because, luckily for her, the incident takes place in his right visual field.

Which of the following statements about marijuana is true? a. The active ingredient in marijuana is unlike any naturally occurring substance in the body. b. The first time someone uses marijuana is when the effects are the strongest. c. Long-term use is associated with memory problems. d. Marijuana always leads to use of "harder" drugs, such as cocaine.

Long-term use is associated with memory problems.

Your friend Alexa is worried that advertisers are using subliminal perception to manipulate the public. You want to help her demystify this issue. Which of the following statements about subliminal perception is the least accurate? a. There is considerable evidence that people are affected by thoughts and stimuli they are unaware of. b Much of our everyday behavior occurs without our awareness or intention. c. Material presented subliminally can influence how people process information. d. Material presented subliminally has a noticeable effect on complex thinking and actions.

Material presented subliminally has a noticeable effect on complex thinking and actions.

According to theory that sleep is important because of the role it plays in consolidation of information, which of the following plans is a bad idea? a. Pedro's plan to go on a late-night pizza run b. Meredith's plan to pull an all-nighter studying for her Chinese exam c. Clarice's plan to go hiking in the woods at night d. Ryan's plan to stay up all night after competing in a tough wrestling match

Meredith's plan to pull an all-nighter studying for her Chinese exam

Connie, who has struggled for several months with a heroin addiction, is experiencing withdrawal. What specific symptom(s) of withdrawal might she be experiencing? a. She obtains a euphoric high. b. She remains in a cozy, relaxed state after a peak high. c. None; she just needs more heroin than she is used to in order to feel anything. d. She feels anxiety, nausea, and tremors.

She feels anxiety, nausea, and tremors.

At a nightclub, Sasha goes to the restroom where she quickly ingests a small amount of cocaine. What experience would you expect Sasha to have after consuming the stimulant? a. She has a wave of confidence, then feels alert, energetic, and social. b. She becomes sluggish and clumsy, and then she blacks out. c. She feels a rush of intense pleasure followed by a relaxed stupor. d. She experiences bright and vivid perceptual and cognitive distortions.

She has a wave of confidence, then feels alert, energetic, and social

Which of the following statements regarding the brain during sleep is most accurate? a. The brain shuts down during sleep. b. Conscious experience of the outside world is mostly intact during sleep. c. Sleep is an altered state of consciousness. d. Complex thinking cannot occur during sleep.

Sleep is an altered state of consciousness.

In one study, participants were shown pictures of appetizing food while in an fMRI scanner. Some of the participants showed higher levels of activity in the brain's reward regions after seeing the pictures, and they were ones who ended up gaining more weight over the next six months. What do these experimental results indicate? a. Some people are vulnerable to subliminal perception, while others are not. b. Some people are more vulnerable than others to processing cues related to food. c. Showing people pictures of food will influence them to eat more, an effect that persists far into the future. d. Material presented subliminally can affect complex actions such as meal planning.

Some people are more vulnerable than others to processing cues related to food.

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding consciousness? a. Unconscious dreams are the only form of the subconscious capable of influencing our thoughts and actions. b. It is impossible to study the effects of unconscious stimuli on consciousness. c. Unconscious stimuli are rarely able to influence thoughts and actions. d. Stimuli can influence our thoughts even if experienced unconsciously.

Stimuli can influence our thoughts even if experienced unconsciously.

Which of the following is true about subliminal perception? a. Subliminal messages have a significant effect on behavior. b. Subliminal messages are most effective if they are negative. c. Subliminal messages are most effective if they are positive. d. Subliminal messages have little, if any, effect on behavior.

Subliminal messages have little, if any, effect on behavior.

Frank Tong and colleagues superimposed a house onto a face and asked participants to make judgments about what they saw. What were the participants' brain responses? a. The brain noticed both equally, meaning that eventually everything becomes conscious. b. The unconscious brain became confused, and thus the participants were unable to see either the house or the face. c. The brain emitted large slow-wave activity equally for both images. d. The brain activity changed depending on whether participants reported seeing a house or a face.

The brain activity changed depending on whether participants reported seeing a house or a face.

Why is REM sleep sometimes called paradoxical sleep? a. The paradox lies in the fact that some parts of the brain are more active during REM sleep than they are during wakefulness. b. The paradox lies in the fact that REM sleep is known for its relation to dreaming, but when people are awakened during the REM stage, they are highly unlikely to be aware that they have been dreaming. c. The paradox lies in the fact that no dreaming can occur during REM sleep. d. The paradox lies in the fact that the longer you sleep, the less frequent REM stages become.

The paradox lies in the fact that some parts of the brain are more active during REM sleep than they are during wakefulness.

Which of the following statements is consistent with the global workspace model? a. The patient was unaware she was deaf in one ear because she thought she was receiving information from the auditory processing centers in her brain. b. When the hypnotized patient was awakened and realized he was walking toward the laboratory door, he explained he was going to the restroom even though he had no idea why he was about to walk out the door. c. The difference between a conscious state and a vegetative state is that patients in a conscious state show some activity in the cerebral cortex. d. The difference between a vegetative state and brain death is that patients in a vegetative state show some activity in the brain stem, whereas brain-dead patients show none.

The patient was unaware she was deaf in one ear because she thought she was receiving information from the auditory processing centers in her brain.

Which of the following is most likely to result from flashing a Coke bottle on a movie screen too briefly for a viewer to notice? a. The viewer may recognize related words (e.g., soda) more quickly on an immediate test. b. There will be no effect because the viewer is unaware of the event. c. With repeated exposure, the viewer will drink more Coke. d. There will be faster recognition of related words, but only if the viewer is in an altered state.

The viewer may recognize related words (e.g., soda) more quickly on an immediate test.

Your dad has a bad habit of texting while he drives. You remind him that it is dangerous, but he asks why texting while driving poses such a hazard. Which of the following is the most scientifically informed response to your dad? a. Texting requires taking one hand off the steering wheel, which is the main reason why it is so dangerous. b. Texting, and cell phone use in general, can induce an altered state of consciousness called hypnosis, which can make driving dangerous. c. There is a limit to how much attention is available in our conscious experience, which is what helps us respond quickly to new information (an important ability to have when driving). d. Texting is something most people do automatically and effortlessly, whereas driving requires great concentration. This contrast can lead to accidents.

There is a limit to how much attention is available in our conscious experience, which is what helps us respond quickly to new information (an important ability to have when driving).

According to Roy Baumeister, why do people engage in self-destructive escapist pursuits? a. They want to decrease self-awareness. b. They are actively seeking solutions to their problems. c. They want to increase moment-by-moment pleasure. d. They prefer to live in a virtual world where they can master their lives more easily.

They want to decrease self-awareness.

A doctor takes Felipe's blood pressure and it is very high. The doctor says, "You could not have known this without taking a blood pressure test, because you can't have awareness of your blood pressure." What does Felipe's doctor mean by this? a. We must be in an altered state of consciousness to be aware of our blood pressure. b. We are unconscious of our blood pressure. c. We are conscious of our blood pressure. d. Our blood pressure affects us through subliminal perception.

We are unconscious of our blood pressure.

Which of the following statements is a theory suggested to explain gender differences in alcohol consumption? a. Women are less likely to have positive expectations about the effects of alcohol. b. Women are less likely genetically to have an addictive personality. c. Women do not metabolize alcohol as quickly, and they do not need to consume as much as men to get the same psychoactive effect. d. Drinking by women is more socially acceptable

Women do not metabolize alcohol as quickly, and they do not need to consume as much as men to get the same psychoactive effect.

Why are humans typically able to remain in the bed without falling out of the bed during sleep? a. You are consciously aware of the bed's boundaries at all times during sleep. b. Most people typically fall out of bed, but because they are unaware of it they do not report it. c. Your brain is still processing information about its surroundings, thus you are aware of the boundaries of the bed. d. Your brain signals the body to become paralyzed during the night so you do not move off the bed.

Your brain is still processing information about its surroundings, thus you are aware of the boundaries of the bed.

*Which of the following statements would be consistent with the global workspace model? a. A person is blinded and seems acutely aware of his blindness. b. If a person cannot see something, she does not believe it exists. c. If a person cannot see something, he does not feel compelled to search for it. d. A person with hemineglect searches for the affected body part.

[Online says] A person is blinded and seems acutely aware of his blindness. [Practice Exam Says] If a person cannot see something, he does not feel compelled to search for it.

Ever since Cornelius was hypnotized, he has been flapping his arms whenever he hears anyone say, "Hello." Cornelius's arm-flapping most likely results from ______________. a. flow b. dissociation c. a posthypnotic suggestion d. hypnotic analgesia

a posthypnotic suggestion

Dwayne loves going to Las Vegas. Even when he is in the casinos, where there are no windows to give him light cues, he still feels sleepy by midnight, because his body continues to operate according to a ______________ rhythm. a. circadian b. melatonin c. pineal d. REM

circadian

According to one theory of sleep, humans are adapted to sleeping at night because our early ancestors were more vulnerable in the dark, when they were unable to see hazards and predators, than during the day. What is the name forthis theory? a. restorative theory b. consolidation of information theory c. circadian rhythm theory d. global workspace model

circadian rhythm theory

The moment-to-moment subjective experience you have, along with your mental activity, is called ______________. a. materialism b. subliminal perception c. consciousness d. a REM stage

consciousness

Janet is an ambitious college student who plans to apply for graduate school and is very concerned about her academic performance. She always tries to get a good night's sleep because she believes that the neural connections underlying learning are strengthened during sleep. Which theory of sleep does Janet subscribe to? a. circadian rhythm theory b. global workspace model c. restorative theory d. consolidation theory

consolidation theory