Chapter 4 Psychology

Which of the following statements best defines meditation? It refers to various ways of focusing one's consciousness to alter one's relationship to the world. It refers to a system that provides, or feeds back, information about a bodily function. It is an altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance. It is a view that response expectancies play a key role in the production of the experiences suggested by a hypnotist.

It refers to various ways of focusing one's consciousness to alter one's relationship to the world.

Which of the following statements is true of nicotine? It hinders the discharge of adrenaline. It increases appetite. It stimulates the release of neurotransmitters. It reduces the metabolic rate.

It stimulates the release of neurotransmitters.

Sasha is undergoing chemotherapy, which makes her feel nauseous. To help treat the nausea, her doctor may prescribe her which drug? Mescaline Marijuana Nembutal Opioids

Marijuana

Which of the following is an altered state of consciousness? Meditation Free association Centration Cognitive dissonance

Meditation

Cancer, heart disease, and lung and respiratory diseases are all side effects of which drug? Dehydrogenase Nicotine Acetaminophen Cocaine

Nicotine

Which of the following cannot be experienced through sensory awareness or direct inner awareness? Operant conditioning Nonconscious processes Conscious processes Classical conditioning

Nonconscious processes

Which instrument can be used to help people become more aware of muscle tension in the forehead, fingers, and elsewhere and to learn to lower tension, thus decreasing the discomfort and incidence of muscle-tension headaches? Computed tomography The electromyograph Positron emission tomography The electroencephalogram

The electromyograph

Which of the following statements is true of stimulants? They reduce self-confidence. They increase aggressive and disruptive behavior. They reduce the risk of sleep disorders. They increase the activity of the nervous system.

They increase the activity of the nervous system.

Which addictive depressants are used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep? Barbiturates Methylphenidates Opiates Amphetamines

Barbiturates

Biofeedback training has been used to help individuals with hallucinations. addiction. depression. anxiety.

anxiety.

People with frequent nightmares visualize vague and fleeting images. are more likely than others to have anxiety and depression. are likely to be suffering from insomnia. have them during the first two sleep cycles of the night.

are more likely than others to have anxiety and depression.

Which of the following statements is true of stage 4 sleep? It produces low-amplitude brain waves. It is the lightest stage of sleep. During stage 4 sleep, the delta waves produced by the brain slow to about 0.5 to 2 cycles per second. During stage 4 sleep, the delta waves produced by the brain have a frequency of 8 to 13 cycles per second.

During stage 4 sleep, the delta waves produced by the brain slow to about 0.5 to 2 cycles per second.

What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythms? Cultural norms The amount of time we spend asleep The amount of time we spend awake Exposure to sunlight

Exposure to sunlight

Delta waves are rapid low-amplitude brain waves that have been linked to nightmares. True False

False

Dreams are most likely to be vivid during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, whereas images are vaguer and more fleeting during rapid eye movement sleep (REM) sleep. False True

False

In the context of hypnosis, a positive response to each suggestion of the hypnotist sets the stage in which the subject is less likely to follow further suggestions. True False

False

Women are more likely than men to develop alcoholism. False True

False

Some individuals who use lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have distorted perceptions or hallucinations that mimic the LSD "trip" but occur days, weeks, or longer after usage. What are these experiences called? Orienting reflexes Flashbacks Genotypic variations Divergences

Flashbacks

During a guided meditation session, Rachel was asked to picture a green valley under a clear blue sky. She was asked to "feel" the wind against her face and "hear" the birds chirping around her. Although none of these stimuli were actually present, Rachel was conscious of them. This scenario illustrates an aspect of consciousness called _____. countertransference retinal disparity regularization direct inner awareness

direct inner awareness

The knowledge of one's own thoughts, feelings, and memories without the use of sensory organs is known as _____. selective attention direct inner awareness regularization countertransference

direct inner awareness

Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to focus on the present. achieve spiritual goals. improve hypnotic suggestibility. ruminate about problems.

focus on the present.

Older adults are more likely than younger adults to have insomnia because of a higher chance of genetic mutation of neurons. lower frequency of brain waves in older adults. greater incidence of poor health and pain. higher number of beta waves in the brains of younger adults.

greater incidence of poor health and pain.

Mescaline is considered a(n) _______. hallucinogenic opioid stimulant depressant

hallucinogenic

Lim, a 26-year-old man, often falls asleep suddenly. During these sleep attacks, he falls asleep for around 15 minutes and wakes up feeling refreshed. He also hallucinates that a person is sitting on his chest. In this scenario, Lim is likely suffering from __________. narcolepsy sleep terrors insomnia sleep apnea

narcolepsy

According to your text, older adults sleep less because their sleep cycles become more efficient. they no longer require NREM sleep. they no longer require REM sleep. of physical discomfort.

of physical discomfort.

According to Sigmund Freud, hypnotized adults return to behaviors that emphasize fact and logic rather than fantasy. enter an unaltered state of consciousness. permit themselves to return to childish modes of responding. fake the hypnotic role.

permit themselves to return to childish modes of responding.

Liz sustained a head injury in a car accident. When she was fully awake, the doctor approached her and asked her questions such as "What is the last thing you remember?" and "When were you born?" Liz was able to answer all these questions correctly. In this scenario, the questions asked to Liz summon up __________. nonconscious information preconscious information unconscious information conscious information

preconscious information

A person who cannot move during the transition from consciousness to sleep, during which hallucinations occur, is experiencing somnambulism. sleep apnea. insomnia. sleep paralysis.

sleep paralysis.

One night when Denzel was four years old he was sleeping soundly in his bed when he started screaming and thrashing about. His parents rushed to his side but could never fully wake him up. The next day he had no recollection of the event. Denzel most likely experienced a(n) _____. sleep paralyses sleep terror apnea nightmare

sleep terror

Ray often wakes up at night talking loudly and incoherently. During this time, his heart rate increases, and he recalls vague images of someone pressing on his chest. However, he is never fully awake and returns to sleep. In the context of sleep disorders, Ray is exhibiting symptoms of _____. sleep terrors somnambulism insomnia nightmares

sleep terrors

Kira, an eight-year-old girl, sometimes walks in her sleep. She also responds to questions while she is up and about. However, when she wakes up in the morning, she does not remember the incident. In the context of sleep disorders, Kira is exhibiting symptoms of __________. insomnia sleep terror sleep apnea somnambulism

somnambulism

Sleepwalking typically occurs during stage 1. stage 2. stage 4. REM sleep.

stage 4.

Darren is on the way to his university to take an exam. He is disturbed by thoughts of failing because he is not prepared for the exam. However, he pushes away thoughts of failing and focuses on studying. In this scenario, Darren is using _____. free association suppression repression systematic desensitization

suppression

Dreams experienced during REM tend to be vague. vivid. occurring at the beginning of the night. fleeting.

vivid

High-frequency brain waves are associated with _____. theta waves wakefulness rapid eye movement sleep paradoxical sleep

wakefulness

Which substance was once used as a cure for addiction to morphine? Heroin Nembutal Acetaminophen Dehydrogenase

Heroin

What is the correct sequence of brain waves we would experience at bedtime as we make our way from a drowsy sleep state to stage 4? Theta, beta, delta Beta, delta, theta Delta, alpha, beta Alpha, theta, delta

Alpha, theta, delta

Rani has just consumed a substance that provided an increase in energy that made it difficult to fall asleep. She has a reduced appetite and is suffering from hallucinations and delusions. What did Rani likely ingest? LSD Morphine THC An amphetamine

An amphetamine

Which theory related to dreams states that acetylcholine and the pons stimulate responses that lead to dreaming? Psychodynamic model Activation-synthesis model Response set theory Role theory

Activation-synthesis model

What is the most popular drug used on college campuses? Marijuana Alcohol Opioids LSD

Alcohol

Which piece of the following information would Freud believe is stored in a person's unconscious? Childhood home address Lyrics to a song Sexual impulses Knowledge of how to drive a car

Sexual impulses

Anatomical deformities that clog the air passageways, such as a thick palate, and problems in the breathing centers in the brain are included as causes of which sleep disorder? Insomnia Somnambulism Sleep terrors Sleep apnea

Sleep apnea

It is not uncommon for students to stay awake all night to prepare for an exam. If students do this for more than one consecutive night, they may have trouble learning and remembering information. What are they suffering from? Insomnia Somnambulism Sleep deprivation ADHD

Sleep deprivation

Which of the following may accompany narcolepsy and is characterized by the collapse of muscle groups or the entire body? Somnambulism Sleep apnea Insomnia Sleep paralysis

Sleep paralysis

Biofeedback training is a system that provides information about a bodily function so the organism can gain control of that function. True False

True

In psychodynamic theory, descriptive information that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention (i.e., What did I eat for breakfast this morning? or What is my cell phone number?) is called preconscious material. True False

True

Individuals with a college degree are less likely to smoke than those who did not earn a high school diploma. True False

True

Jon Kabat-Zinn promotes the use of mindfulness meditation in cognitive and behavior therapy, a form of meditation that provides clients with techniques they can use to focus on the present moment. True False

True

Prolonged exposure to secondhand smoke during childhood is a risk factor for cancer of the throat. False True

True

Scientists today attribute Franz Mesmer's success with hypnosis to the placebo effect. True False

True