Chapter 4

Which child-rearing belief was rated as the least important value by women assessed during the late 1970s in the famous Middletown study?

Strict obedience

Ethan is a 15-year-old boy growing up in New York City. Having won his school's science fair, he is going to compete at the state science fair. Ethan wants to win the state title to receive the prestige that accompanies it. Given his focus on this individualistic achievement, what would Ethan be most likely to say upon winning the state science fair?

"I am proud of my hard work."

Which of the following best illustrates a custom complex in a culture that values individualism?

Adolescents are allowed to choose their own friends with whom they spend a considerable amount of unsupervised time.

Which aspect of the traditional teaching of the Law to adolescent Aborigines represents the socialization outcome of cultivating sources of meaning?

An understanding of the origin of the world, such as divine beliefs

Although American adolescents tend to be more religious than adolescents in other developed countries, their religious beliefs do not follow a traditional doctrine and are more generalized. This general set of beliefs is called Moralistic Therapeutic Deism and includes which of the following features?

Believing that the central goal of life is to be happy and to feel good about oneself

Zhang Wei is a second-generation Chinese adolescent living with his mother in Sydney, Australia. Zhang Wei wants to be like the teens he sees in shows about White American and Australian families on television. This is likely to influence which of the following?

Conflict between Zhang Wei and his parents

Amy was awarded a scholarship to study at a prestigious college preparatory school and must abide by all school rules, including a no cheating policy, to keep the scholarship. When one of Amy's friends asked to copy her chemistry homework, Amy agreed because she wants to remain loyal to their friendship. Which of the following stages of moral development would Kohlberg classify Amy?

Conventional

________________ are the commonly held norms and moral standards of a culture, the standards of right and wrong that set expectations for behavior.

Cultural beliefs

Adelson's research on political beliefs revealed three key changes from early to late adolescence. One of these changes highlighted older adolescents' desires to balance the goal of laws with considerations of individual rights. Adelson noted this change was which of the following?

Declines in authoritarian political views

Longitudinal results from the National Study on Youth and Religion found which of the following changes from adolescence through emerging adulthood?

Declines in religious beliefs and participation

According to the National Survey on Youth and Religion, which of the following is true about the relation between American adolescents' religious beliefs and religious practices?

Eighty-five percent believe in God; 50% attend religious services twice a month

Emerging adults are likely to be involved in organizations working toward change in a specific area, including political movements. Which of the following reflects a developmental perspective for why emerging adults are likely to be involved in political movements?

Emerging adults are engaging in identity explorations to find an ideological framework for explaining the world.

Which of the following is the best developmental explanation for why emerging adults often become involved in political movements?

Emerging adults are in a time of identity explorations, one aspect of which is ideology

Many American adolescents are religious, but many others are not. Which of the following best explains differences among adolescents in their religiosity?

Family factors, such as parental agreement on religious beliefs

Research by Shirley Feldman and colleagues on individualistic and collectivistic values among Chinese adolescents who had immigrated to Australia or the United States found which of the following?

First- and second-generation Chinese adolescents endorsed similar high levels of individualistic values as White Western adolescents.

In adolescence and emerging adulthood, religiosity is associated with which of the following?

Higher levels of well-being

From the 1920s to the 1980s, women in the famous Middletown studies reported a dramatic shift in child-rearing beliefs that emphasized broad socialization values and minimized narrow socialization values. Which of the following pairs of beliefs reflect this shift?

Increased value of independence; decreased value of obedience

Postconventional reasoning has been found to be rare in non-Western countries. In critiquing Kohlberg's theory, Shweder argued that this research finding did not mean that adolescents in non-Western countries had less developed moral reasoning, but that it instead revealed which of the following?

Kohlberg's theory is biased toward secular and individualistic ways of thinking about moral issues.

Adelson's research on political beliefs revealed three key changes from early to late adolescence. One of these changes was a shift in cognitive mode. Which of the following statements best reflects what a late adolescent would say when providing a rationale for laws?

Laws are important because they promote the safety and rights of the population.

Which of the following best describes Kohlberg's stage of Postconventional moral reasoning?

Reasoning is based on the individual's own independent judgments, which may conflict with what others view as right and wrong.

Overall, research has found that emerging adults' political involvement is typified by which of the following?

Rejection of conventional political participation

Carol Gilligan critiqued Kohlberg's theory of moral development by claiming that his theory was biased toward males, because girls follow an ethic of "care" and boys follow and ethic of "justice." Which of the following reflects the research results regarding her claim?

Research results found that no significant differences existed between males and females in level of moral reasoning as rated by Kohlberg's system.

Fatima is a 13-year-old girl in the Middle Eastern country of Saudi Arabia. Growing up in a country that endorses Islamic principles, she must wear a veil to cover her face and body to demonstrate modesty. Fatima is being socialized to adhere to a strict female gender role, which includes valuing virginity before marriage. Which socialization outcome does this describe?

Role preparation

Across adolescence and into emerging adulthood, Jake has held similar religious beliefs and says that he chooses to follow certain aspects of Christian faith and not others. For instance, he says that he believes in God and prays to God but that he does not feel the need to participate in weekly church services. Jake belongs to which of the following religiosity categories?

Selective adherents

Which of the outcomes of socialization listed reflect the following scenario: Maria's friends want her to skip school to go shopping at a new store that is opening at the mall. Maria feels pressure to join her friends and really wants to go to the store; however, she decides not to join them because she does not want to get in trouble and receive detention.

Self-regulation

Results from the National Study on Youth and Religion prompted researchers to create four categories to describe emerging adults' individualized approach to religion. Which of the following categories would an emerging adult fit who says "I definitely believe that there is some kind of higher power, but otherwise I'm not sure what to believe"?

Spiritually open

Kohlberg conducted 20 years of follow-up research on his participants' moral reasoning development. Which of the following was one of the key findings of this longitudinal research?

Stages of moral reasoning tended to increase with age.

Gene is an emerging adult in college who is interested in becoming active in a campus organization. Like many other emerging adults, Gene is interested in improving the state of his community, society, and the world. Given this information, which of the following organizations is Gene most likely to join?

Student Environmental Action Coalition

During adolescence, the socialization influence of school tends to increase as youth spend more time in school to garner an education and prepare for adult responsibilities. Cultures can be broad or narrow with regard to school socialization. Which of the following pairs of examples below reflects the contrast between broad and narrow school socialization?

Students are encouraged to engage in critical thinking; students are taught a standardized curriculum that focuses on memorization of facts

Recent studies investigating Adelson's model of political thinking during adolescence have found which of the following?

Tolerance of opposing political views increases across adolescence.

Seo-yeon is a 16-year-old girl living in Korea. Growing up in this Eastern country and culture, she has cultivated a strong belief in prioritizing familial obligations and social order. She is experiencing ______________ cultural values that are being taught through the process of ______________ socialization.

collectivistic; narrow

The ethic of ____________ defines individuals as members of social groups to which they have commitments and obligations.

community

As a result of increased cognitive capabilities, adolescence is a premier time for cultures to educate youth about their set of beliefs and ideas that are the foundation for norms and standards of behavior. This set of beliefs and ideas is called ____________,

cultural beliefs

Shweder challenged Kohlberg's assumptions for his classification system of moral reasoning development. His research provided evidence that moral reasoning is not a simple reflection of a person's level of cognitive development. Rather, moral reasoning is rooted in _________________.

cultural beliefs

Scholars define a _________________ as consisting of two primary components, which include a typical practice in a culture and the cultural beliefs that provide the basis for the practice.

custom complex

The Chinese custom that adolescents should not question their teachers, and the underlying belief in respect for authority, is an example of a ________________.

custom complex

Jill is trying to decide the right thing to do because her friend Amy wants Jill to accompany her to the hospital to have an abortion. Jill wants to support Amy through this difficult time, but Jill decides she cannot accompany Amy because of her religious beliefs. Jill's decision is guided by the ethic of _____________.

divinity

In Western cultures during adolescence, the socialization influence of the __________ tends to diminish.

family

Sandy's parents have taught her how to change a tire and the oil in her car because they want her to develop self-sufficiency. Sandy is growing up in a(n) ____________ culture that promotes the development of the ____________ self.

individualistic; independent

Sofia is a 14-year-old Latina girl growing up in the United States. She greatly respects the authority of her parents and feels a strong attachment and obligation to her family. As part of an American __________ culture, she is being socialized to develop __________ values.

minority; collectivistic

In the early 1900s, Robert Baden-Powell developed the Boy Scouts to fill a need for formally educating children about moral standards and values. An example of a moral value listed in the Scout Oath that all boys memorized is _________________.

obedience