Chapter 4 Reading Quiz

Which of the following statements is true regarding the operational definition of variables? It is relatively easy to operationalize a variable such as pain, which is very specific and concrete. There are no benefits associated with the operational definition of variables. Operational definition of a variable forces scientists to discuss concrete concepts in abstract terms. A variable must have an operational definition to be studied empirically.

A variable must have an operational definition to be studied empirically.

What is the difference between internal validity and external validity? Internal validity deals with the creation of operational definitions for procedure, whereas external validity deals with establishing curvilinear relationships between variables. Internal validity deals with the accuracy of methods for studying variables, whereas external validity deals with the randomization of variables present in a study. Internal validity deals with the accuracy of conclusions drawn about cause and effect, whereas external validity deals with the generalization of findings of a study to other settings. Internal validity deals with establishing positive linear relationships between variables, whereas external validity deals with establishing negative linear relationships between variables.

Internal validity deals with the accuracy of conclusions drawn about cause and effect, whereas external validity deals with the generalization of findings of a study to other settings.

Identify the true statement about a curvilinear relationship. The relationship is sometimes referred to as a monotonic function. The variables vary independently of one another. The relationship results in a flat line when graphed. The direction of the relationship changes at least once.

The direction of the relationship changes at least once.

Identify the true statement about laboratory experiments. It is difficult to create an independent variable to study dependent variables in these experiments. They use a high degree of observational data, resulting in a redundancy of information. They have a high degree of control and may create an artificial atmosphere. Randomization is difficult in these experiments.

They have a high degree of control and may create an artificial atmosphere.

Which of the following is true of a positive linear relationship? Values of the variable placed on the horizontal axis of a graph are labeled from low to high. A U-shaped curve results when this relationship is graphed. Increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by decreases in the values of the other variable. This type of relationship is sometimes referred to as a nonmonotonic function.

Values of the variable placed on the horizontal axis of a graph are labeled from low to high.

What is the difference between a dependent and an independent variable? An independent variable has a positive linear relationship, whereas a dependent variable has a negative linear relationship with other variables. An independent variable is considered to be the cause, whereas a dependent variable is considered to be the effect. An independent variable has a curvilinear relationship, whereas a dependent variable has a biaxial relationship with other variables. An independent variable is known as an internal variable, whereas a dependent variable is known as an external variable.

an independent variable is considered to be the cause, whereas a dependent variable is considered to be the effect.

Which of the following refers to the extent to which the measurement or manipulation of a variable accurately represents the theoretical variable being studied? face validity external validity construct validity internal validity

construct validity

A researcher finds that the more a song is played on the radio, the greater the public liking for the song. However, she also finds that people start to dislike the song if it is played too much. In the context of relationships between variables, what type of relationship exists between the song being played and its likability factor? curvilinear relationship negative linear relationship no relationship positive linear relationship

curvilinear relationship

In the context of the study of relationships between variables, the ________ method involves direct manipulation and control of one variable while the other is measured. curvilinear operational confounded experimental

experimental

Catherine, a researcher, wants to study child behavior with age, sex, and mental stability as constant variables. She uses their level of activity as an independent variable for her study. By making multiple variables constant (except activity), Catherine is trying to establish experimental control. internal validity construct validity an ex post facto design

experimental control.

In the context of validity, we find internal validity to be generally in conflict with ________ validity when examining a single study. construct subject situlational external

external

Margaret, a researcher, wants to conduct a field experiment to determine the effects of a shopping mall's music and decoration on the purchasing behavior of consumers. However, she has to deal with other influencing factors such as noise, crowd, and space distribution. She wants to avoid them by using randomization. In this scenario, noise, crowd, and space are ________ variables. internal construct extraneous linear

extraneous

A study has high ________ validity when strong inferences can be made that one variable caused changes in the other variable. internal inferential construct reliable

internal

________ validity refers to the accuracy of conclusions drawn about cause and effect. construct external internal linear

internal

In the context of relationships between variables, the graph is simply a flat line when there is ________ between two variables. a curvilinear relationship a negative linear relationship a positive linear relationship no relationship

no relationship

Jim, a psychiatrist, develops a method to study mood swings in individuals. He asks individuals to describe the frequency and intensity of their mood swings and rate them on a scale of 1 to 10. He wants to develop a treatment plan according to the average outcomes of the frequency and the intensity of mood swings. In this scenario, Jim is trying to ________ the variable "mood swing." operationalize theorize internalize describe

operationalize

Personal attributes such as gender, nationality, and age are called ________ variables. participant situational confounding internal

participant

Participant variables are also called ________ variables. external construct situational subject

subject