Chapter 4: Review Questions

Research Indicates that which of the following candidates would be most likely to win a political election?: A.) Denise, whose face other people often perceive as indicating a warm personality B.) Theo, who many people believe is gay based on his facial appearance C.) Vanessa, who has large eyes, a high forehead, and a small, child-like nose. D.) Rudy, whose face is usually seen by others as indicating a cold, calculating, and powerful personality.

D.) Rudy, whose face is usually seen by others as indicating a cold, calculating, and powerful personality.

Ming is from China; Jason is from the United States. . Both participate in an experiment in which they take a test, are given feedback, and are told that they did very well. They are then asked to make attributions for their performance. Based on cross-cultural research on the self-serving bias, you would expect that a. Jason, but not Ming, will say that he succeeded due to his high ability. b. neither Ming nor Jason will say that they succeeded due to their high ability c. both Ming and Jason will say that they succeeded due to their high ability d. Ming, but not Jason, will say that he succeeded due to his high ability

a. Jason, but not Ming, will say that he succeeded due to his high ability. *Western cultures are more likely to make a self-serving bias (attribute success to internal disposition, attribute failure to external factors)

Belief perseverance can help explain which of the following? a.) Why people who watch news programs that refer to climate change as a hoax remain convinced of that conclusions even in the face off scientific evidence to the contrary. b.) Why during jury deliberations it is easier to convince fellow jurors to change their votes from guilty to not guilty than it is to change their minds in the opposite direction. c.) Why weather forecasters are better at predicting rainfall totals than snowfall totals d.) All of the above

a.) Why people who watch news programs that refer to climate change as a hoax remain convinced of that conclusions even in the face off scientific evidence to the contrary.

The two-step process of attribution suggests that: a.) people first make an internal attribution and then correct for situational influences b.) people first make an external attribution and then correct for dispositional influences c.) Americans are less likely than Chinese to commit the fundamental attribution error d.) If the attribution process is disrupted at either step, no attribution will be made

a.) people first make an internal attribution and then correct for situational influences

It is 10 a.m. and Jamie is dragging himself to his next class to turn in a paper for which he pulled an all-nighter. Through a haze of exhaustion, on the way to class he sees a student slip and fall down. How would Jamie be most likely to interpret the cause of the student's behavior? a. Jamie's attribution will most heavily be influenced by his own personality. b. given what we know about Jamie's current cognitive capacity, he will likely assume that the student fell because he or she was clumsy. c. Jamie would probably attribute the cause to the situation, such as the fact that it was raining and the sidewalks were slippery. d. James would be so tired that he would not make any causal attributions.

b. given what we know about Jamie's current cognitive capacity, he will likely assume that the student fell because he or she was clumsy.

Suppose that Mischa has found that when she sits in the first row of discussion classes she gets a better participation grade, regardless of how much she actually participates. Her positioning in front of the teacher could have an effect on how large of a role the teacher thinks Mischa has in discussion, due to a. the teacher's use of schemas b. perceptual salience c. the teacher's implicit personality theories d. the two-step process of attribution

b. perceptual salience *we notice the individual and are practically invisible to the situation in which he or she is in, therefore, with the individual in focus, the individual seems like the logical cause of the observed behavior

Mr. Rowe and Ms. Dabney meet on a blind date. They get along well until they get into his black convertible to go to a movie. Ms. Dabney is quiet and reserved for the rest of the evening. It turns out that her brother had recently been in a serious accident in that same type of car and seeing it brought up those unwanted emotions. mr. Rowe assumes that Ms. Dabney has a cold and reserved personality, thereby demonstrating a. a belief in a just world b. the fundamental attribution error c. perceptual salience d. insufficient justification

b. the fundamental attribution error

Suppose a certain student, Jake, falls asleep during every chemistry class. Further suppose that Jake is the only one who falls asleep in this class and he falls asleep in all of his other classes. According to Kelley's covariation theory of attribution, how will people explain his behavior? a. It is due to something unusual about Jake, because his behavior is low in consensus, high in distinctiveness, and high in consistency. b. Chemistry is really a boring class, because Jake's behavior is high in consensus, high in distinctiveness, and high in consistency. c. It is due to something unusual about Jake, because his behavior is low in consensus, how in distinctiveness, and high in consistency. d. It is due to something peculiar about the circumstances on a particular day, because his behavior is high in consensus.

c. It is due to something unusual about Jake, because his behavior is low in consensus, how in distinctiveness, and high in consistency. * Internal Attribution = Low consensus, Low distinctiveness, High consistency *External Attribution = High consensus, High Distinctiveness, High Consistency

Which of the following statements best describes cultural differences in the fundamental attribution error? a. Members of collectivist cultures rarely make dispositional attributions b. Members of Western cultures rarely make dispositional attributions c. Members of collectivist cultures are more likely to go beyond dispositional explanations, considering information about the situation as well d. Members of Western cultures are more likely to go beyond dispositional explanations, considering information about the situation as well

c. Members of collectivist cultures are more likely to go beyond dispositional explanations, considering information about the situation as well

Which of the following psychological phenomena shows the least cultural variation? a. self-serving attributions b. implicit personality theories c. anger and fear facial expressions d. fundamental attribution error

c. anger and fear facial expressions

Which of the following best illustrates the idea of belief perseverance? a.) The first time Lindsay meets Tobias, she is impressed with is his intellect and ambition, but quite quickly she comes to sour on him when she see's that he is lazy b.) Gob is quite happy with Marta when he first gets together with her, but once they begin an exclusive dating relationship, he feels that he has made a big mistake c.) Michael's first impression of Anne is a negative one, and even though he comes to observe her in a variety of scenarios displaying a variety of skills, he remains convinced that she will never amount to very much

c.) Michael's first impression of Anne is a negative one, and even though he comes to observe her in a variety of scenarios displaying a variety of skills, he remains convinced that she will never amount to very much

What is a major assumption of Kelley's covariation model of attribution? a.) We make quick attributions after observing one instance of someone's behavior b.)People make casual attributions using cultural schemas c.) People infer the cause of other's behaviors through introspection d.) People gather info to make casual attributions rationally & logically

d.) People gather info to make casual attributions rationally & logically