Chapter 4: Spanish Era (4 & 5)

Principalia

(Social and political aristocracy) referred tomthe prominent land-owning and propertied citizens who could read, write and speak Spanish

Dominican Order

- Administered Colegio de Santo Tomas - also established the Colegio de San Juan de Letran to take care the orphaned Spanish boys

One tribute

- Corresponds to one family consisting of husband, wife and minor children - corresponds to 8 reales or one peso - may be paid in money or in kind like rice, corn and the like - 1851 increased to 12 reales or one peso and a half - 1884 the cedula tax replaced the tribute

Real Monasterio de Santa Clara (St. Claire Convent of Manila)

- Established by Franciscan nuns - the first nunnery in the Philippines

Fray Domingo de Salazar

- First Bishop of Manila - a member of the Order of Preachers - ordered that every town as to have one school for boys and for girls

Jesuits in Manila

- Founded the first college for boys - College of Manila (for the scholastics) - college of San Ignacio - university of San Ignacio - elevated by Pope Gregory XV

Fact

- Higher education was established exclusively for the Spaniards and Filipinos, referring to those born in the colony of Spanish Parents - colleges and universities were closed to indios

College of Santa Isabel

- Now the oldest existing college for girls in the country - was originally built to care the orphaned Spanish girls - it b came an exclusive school for daughters of affluent Spaniards

Fray Miguel de Benavides

- The third Archbishop of Manila - established the Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santissimo Rosario - universidad de Santo Tomas

Bandala

- This refers to assignment of annual quotas to each province for the compulsory sale products to the government - instituted by GG Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera

Poblacion

- Town center - was organized around a rectangular plaza, with the church and convent on one side, bounded by tribunal or municipio, and by the houses of the Spanish officials and principales

Governor General

- Was the chief executive as well as the commander-in-chief of the military forces in the colony. - was the vice-royal patron - could also reject or suspend the implementation of any royal decree or law from Spain with his cumplase power - 2 years and 10 months of tenure of office

Tributes

- Were collected in cash or in kind. Total collection: 1/4 encomendero the rest friars as well the government - symbol of subjugation to Spain

Encomienda in the Philippines

- an administrative unit for the purpose of exacting tribute from the natives - to use personal services of the King's vassal - encomendero undertook ways to look after the well-being of his people and to educate them with Spanish norms of conduct - considered as a kind of benevolent paternalism - look upon by its beneficiaries as a pretense for slavery

Beaterio de la Compania de Jesus

- directed by Jesuits - founded by Mother Ignacia del Espiritu Santo, a Filipina nun - established to accommodate Filipino girls - developed into the Congregation of the Religious of the Virgin Mary

Educational Decree, December 20, 1863

- introduced a system of public education that opened opportunities to Filipinos for higher learning - establishment of elementary, secondary and collegiate levels - provided for the establishment of normal schools to train teachers - the Board of Public Instruction was likewise created to supervise the schools - provided for the use of Spanish as the language of instruction, starting at the elementary level

Earliest encomenderos in the West Indies

- power to collect tribute - to use the personal services of the inhabitants of their encomiendas

Tomas Pinpin

- the first Filipino printer - became conversant with the Spanish Language - wrote the first Published tagalog book Librong Pag-aaralan nang manga Tagalog nang uicang Castila (Book that the Tagalogs Should Study to Learn Spanish

Fray Ignacio de Santibañez

A Franciscan priest who became the first Archbishop of Manila

Master Andres

A Greek member of Legazpi's expedition who married Jandulaman

Rajah Sulayman

A Maynilad chieftain who made a blood compact to Goiti - willing to befriend - would not submit to Spanish Sovereignty and pay tribute to the king

Cid Hamal (Sidamit)

A Muslim Malay who helped Legazpi succeeded in making peace with the Cebuanos

Bambalito

A Pampango warlord from Macabebe, wanted to resist the Spanish force in Maynilad

Tomas de Comyn

A Spanish Social scientists, nevertheless described the office of the alcalde-mayor as a model of graft, corruption, and inefficiency brought about by inexperienced men being assigned to govern the provinces.

Alcalde-mayor

A civil official where peace had been established by the Spanish government

Beaterio

A combined school and nunnery

Maynilad

A trading center where Chinese, Borneans, Siamese and other foreign merchants engaged in

Gubernatorial Powers Audiencia Real or Royal Audiencia

Act as the Supreme Court of the colony also served as advisory body to governor and audited the expenditures of the government

Governor Gomez Perez Dasmariñas

As commanded by King Philip II, he urged the encomenderos to reside near their watd to ptomote latter's welfare

System of provincial government

Because of the abuses perpetrated by the encomenderos, this system replaces the encomiendas

Españoles peninsulares

Born in the Spanish Peninsula

Españoles inaulares or Filipinos

Born in the colony

Mestizos de Sangley

Chinese mestizos

Cabildo

City council

Encomienda

Comes from the verb encomendar meaning "to commend or to commit to one's care"

Torture or Imprisonment

Consequence when you don't pay tribute

Pope Clement VIII

Established the Diocese of Nueva Segovia in Lal-lo Cagayan

Chieftains and their eldest sons

Excused from forced labor

Incumbent gobernadorcillos, cabezas and their families, government employees, soldiers with distinguished service, descendants of Lakandula, few other native chieftains, choir members, sacristan, porters of the churches, and government witnesses

Exempted from paying the tribute

Jandulaman

First Cebuano convert, which was a widowed niece of Tupas and named Isabel in honor of Isabel Garces, Legazpi's deceased wife

Cabeza de barangay

Former datu Collected the tribute and gave it to encomendero This position remained appointive office

Archbishop Juan A. Rodriguez

Founded the Escuela de Tiples - provide elementary education and offer courses in vocal and instrumental performance

Captain Juan de Salcedo

Grandson of Legazpi, subdued the region along Laguna de Bay; discovered gold mines in Paracle across the mountains; and pacified Ilocandia and Cagayan on 1572

Marshal Martin de Goiti 120 Spaniards 600 Visayans

He and his men left Panay to explore Pansipit river in Batangas

Juan de Salcedo

He is the grandson of Legazpi which he sent to Mindoro to punish the Moro pirates who plundered upon Panay's villages

Panday Pira

He made the canons for Sulayman which Goiti and his men seized

Spanish Conquistadores

Imposed upon Filipinos encomienda feudal system of administration

Falla

It is paid to be excluded from the polo

Recopilacion de leyes de los reynos de las Indias (Compilation of Laws on Royal Lands in the Indies)

It is popularly known as Leyes de Indias (Laws of Indies), was used by Spain to rule its extensive possessions

June 24, 1571

It is the Feast day Of Saint John the Baptist, Legazpi proclaimed Manila as the capital of the Philippines (celebrated as the foundation day of Manila)

Manila

It is the center of Spanish Urbanization within a walled city of called Intramuros

Ilin and Lubang

It is where the Moro forts which Salcedo destroyed

Felipe

It was the name given to Rajah Tupas who accepted baptism in honor of Philip II and Legazpi stood as a godfather

Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad (Distinguished and Ever Loyal City)

King Philip II, by his Royal Decree of June 1, 1574 named Manila as

Lakandula

King of Tondo and Sulayman's uncle, realized that it was useless to resist the Spanish force

Bahay na bato at kahoy

Known as bahay na mestiza Ground floor: storage and parking Habitation: upstairs Room for guests - azotea and sala Dining - comedor Cooking - cocina Cuarto - sleeping

Nueva Castilla

Legazpi called to Maynilad because he had been told there had been an old fort or castle in the site

May 19, 1571

Legazpi took the possession of Maynilad in the name of the King Philip II

Polo or Force Labor

Male Filipinos between 16-60 years of age rendered manual service for the country

Indios or indios naturales

Natives of the Philippines without Spanish or Chinese ancestry

Fray Diego Herrera

Officiated the first Christian marriage on the Philippine Soil

Carlos

Pinsuncan, son of Tupas was also baptized and named as

Corregidores

Politico-military governors

Vice-royal patron

Power to recommend priests in parishes, and the authority to intervene in controversies between religious authorities

Reduccion

Referring to rhe resettlement of inhabitants in Spanish-style poblaciones or at least - bajo de las campanas (within hearing distance of the church bells)

Colegio

Regular school for girls

Parochial Schools

Rendered basic education established primarily for religious instruction. The first one was established in Cebu

Camarines, Albay and Cantanduanes

Salcedo conquered this places

Villa Fernandina de Vigan

Salcedo founded this in honor of Prince Ferdinand, son of King Philip II who died at the age of four

Escuela Normal (Normal School)

School for the training of male teachers for elementary instruction, was delegated to the Jesuits

Normal Superior

School which trained teachers of secondary courses

Mestizos de español

Spanish mestizos

Guido de Lavezaris

Succeeded Legazpi and stayed in post

Pueblo

Term used when the province is dived into towns

Corregimientos

Territories that had not been completely pacified under the charge of corregidores

Fact

The Laws of the Indies provided that the encomendero must not own a house in the native settlements, within their encomiendas to avoid commission abuse.

Mestizos and mestizas

The children of an español and an indio or india

Fact

The demands or exactions of an encomendero were incidental to his position as representative of the King, thus he exacted tribute and drafted labor

Legazpi

The first Spanish governor and adelantado of the Philippines, died of heart attack

College of Santa Potenciana

The first college school for girls in the Philippines

Fact

The hacendero on the other hand under the fiction of partnership ( with the tenant as a companion ok kasama), had the right of inheritance and free disposition of the land

Fact

The political condition in the Philippines was worsened with the union of church and state

Bank of Panay River

The second Spanish settlement was founded

Gobernadorcillos

They administered the pueblos

Bankusay's creek

This is where Bambalito's more than 2000 fighters in 40 caracoas (boats) from Hagonoy, Macabebe and othe Pampanga villages sailed.

Navotas

This is where the camp of Bambalito located and a son and two nephews of Lakandula and som of Sulayman's warriors joined

Adelantado

Title given to those who personally funded their expeditions.

Half of the tribute

To be paid by an unmarried man or woman

Overseas Ministry (Ministerio de Ultramar)

Took over the functions of the council of the Indies (Consejo de Indias)

Datus Macabaog and Madidong

Two chiefs of Panay

Alcaldia-mayor (the province) & corregimientos

Two types of provincial administration

Residencia

Was a Judicial institution headed by the incoming governor general to conduct a trial of an outgoing governor general and other Spanish Officials for the purpose of punishing those guilty of corruption

Encomienda

Was a feudal institution used in Spain to reward deserving generals and conquerors during Spanish wars of recovery of territory from the Moors.

November 16, 1568

When king Philip II issued instructions to Legazpi to establish cities and towns and create encomiendas to be distributed to deserving soldiers

Visitador-general

Who was the investigator sent by the king or an official dispatched by the Council of Indies in Spain to check the behavior of the high officials in the colony

Archbishop and Clergy

Who were appointed by the Pope upon the recommendation of the King

Due to meager food provisions in Cebu

Why Legazpi transferred to Panay?

Españoles

With both Spanish Parents

Polista

Workers has to work 40 days a year in the labor pool.