Chapter 4 T.B.

The daily value for dietary fiber is 25 grams in a 2000 kilocalorie diet. A slice of whole-wheat bread is 8% of the daily value. The slice of whole-wheat bread contains how much fiber?

2 grams

Carbohydrates provide 60% of the energy in John's diet of 2700 kilocalories. This represents how many grams of carbohydrate?

405

What are the symptoms associated with lactose intolerance? Explain why these things occur.

Abdominal distension, flatulence, cramping and diarrhea. This occurs because there is insufficient lactase to digest the disaccharide, lactose. The undigested lactose is metabolized by bacteria in the gut producing acid and gas, and draws water into the gut.

How could one treat some cases of constipation not requiring medical attention?

Increasing insoluble fiber and water intake will add bulk to the stool and increasing soluble fiber and resistance starch will draw water into the intestine, which will soften stool and make evacuation easier.

What is insulin? What is glucagon?

Insulin: released by the pancreas in response to a rise in blood glucose following a meal. Insulin promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver; promotes the uptake of glucose in muscle to be used for energy production as well as protein synthesis and glycogen storage; promotes the uptake of glucose by fat cells which can synthesize lipid from glucose for energy storage. These actions will lower blood glucose levels. Glucagon: released by the pancreas in response to decreased levels of glucose in the blood. Glucagon signals liver cells to break down glycogen into glucose and release the glucose into the blood stream. Glucagon will also signal the liver to synthesize glucose via gluconeogenesis.

When are ketones formed?

Ketones are formed when no carbohydrate is available for the formation of oxaloacetate. Acetyl Co-A cannot enter the citric acid cycle and the liver will form ketones from the acetyl Co-A that accumulates.

How may excess sorbitol in the diet cause diarrhea?

Sorbitol is a sugar alcohol used as an alternative sweetener. It is not digested or absorbed and may attract water into the intestine, leading to diarrhea.

Discuss, compare, and contrast starch and cellulose.

Starch is a storage form of glucose in plants. It may occur as a straight chain of glucose units linked together, or highly branched chains of glucose units linked together. Humans can digest starch with the enzyme amylase. Cellulose is a straight chain starch composed of glucose that is found in cell walls. Humans to do not have the enzymes needed to break the links between the glucose units in cellulose. Therefore, cellulose is indigestible and classified as fiber rather than a source of glucose in the diet.

For each area of the digestive tract indicated, describe what process of carbohydrate digestion takes place in that area. Explain how the digestion of sugar, starches, and fiber are different from each other.

Sugar and starches are digestible carbohydrates. They can be broken into smaller molecules, and eventually into monosaccharides by enzymes in the digestive tract. The monosaccharides are absorbed by the intestine and transported to the liver. Fiber cannot be broken down by enzymes in the digestive tract. Some fiber, especially soluble fiber, may be broken down by bacteria in the gut, but it will not provide glucose. Some fiber will be excreted in the feces.

A third grade teacher complains that her students tend to become hyperactive and easily distracted after eating cake and ice cream. She thinks it may be related to the children's intake of sugar. What advice do you have for the teacher? What are the documented health concerns related to sugar in the diet?

The behavior of the students is more likely related to the excitement of having cake and ice cream than the sugars in the cake and ice cream. There is no evidence linking sugar and hyperactivity. Refined carbohydrates have been linked to dental caries and Type 2 diabetes.

Intestinal treatment of diverticulitis usually includes: a) antibiotics and temporary decrease in fiber b) more fluid intake and antiacids c) insulin injections d) exercise and weight loss.

a) antibiotics and temporary decrease in fiber

Diabetes is best characterized by a) blood glucose levels above the normal range. b) blood glucose levels below the normal range. c) presence of ketones in blood d) elevated blood lipids

a) blood glucose levels above the normal range.

A well documented health problem associated with excess sugar intake is a) dental caries. b) Type 1 diabetes. c) diverticular disease. d) attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH).

a) dental caries.

Large quantities of sugar alcohols can cause: a) diarrhea b) hemorrhoids c) constipation d) ulcers.

a) diarrhea

A diet high in dietary fiber can help reduce the risk of developing a) diverticular disease. b) anemia. c) Type 1 diabetes. d) lactose intolerance.

a) diverticular disease

The incidence of lactose intolerance varies by a) ethnicity. b) gender (males versus female). c) geography (where a person lives) d) weight (lean versus obese).

a) ethnicity

Which of the following sequences represents a monosaccharide followed by a disaccharide followed by a polysaccharide? a) fructose sucrose starch b) lactose glucose dietary fiber c) glucose maltose lactose d) galactose glycogen starch

a) fructose sucrose starch

Carbohydrate loading, a training technique used by some athletes, can help to increase ____________ stores. a) glycogen b) amylose c) sucrose d) lactase

a) glycogen

The structure of glycogen: a) highly branched chains b) straight chains c) short chains linked together d) two sugar units

a) highly branched chains

Dietary fiber is categorized by a) its ability or inability to dissolve in water. b) its molecular weight. c) the number of branch points. d) the ratio of carbon to hydrogen molecules.

a) its ability or inability to dissolve in water

Muscle glucose, stored as glycogen in the muscle: a) must be used only by muscle cells b) frequently is released into blood circulation c) can be used by the liver d) can be used as glucose anywhere in the body.

a) must only be used by muscle cells

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that a) splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. b) generates glucose from glucogenic amino acids. c) synthesizes glycogen. d) creates glucose molecules from glycogen

a) splits glucise into two molecules of pyruvate

Oligosaccharides are: a) a form of artificial sweetener b) a storage form of plant starch c) a carbohydrate containing 3-10 sugar units d) a disaccharide found in fruits and vegetables

c) a carbohyrdate containing 3-10 sugar units

Sucrose, or table sugar, is composed of a) many molecules of glucose linked together b) two molecules of glucose c) a molecule of fructose and a molecule of glucose d) two molecules of fructose

c) a molecule of fructose and a molecule of glucose

Studies suggest the incidence of colon cancer may be lowered with high fiber diets. How might this be explained? a) Fiber increases contact between mucosal cells and colon content b) fiber slows transit time c) fiber influences the intestinal microflora d) fiber deactivates phytochemicals present in the colon.

c) fiber influences the intestinal microflora

Under which conditions would you expect the highest glycogen content in muscle tissue? a) a person on a high protein weight loss diet b) a person who eats a balanced diet of protein, carbohydrate and fat c) a sedentary person d) An active person or trained athlete

d) An active person or trained athlete

Which of the following is a good source of complex carbohydrates? a) Milk and dairy products b) Meat, fish, and poultry c) Fats and oils d) Cereals and grains

d) Cereals and grains

Aspartame a) is an artificial sweetener. b) is made of two amino acids. c) is often found in soft drinks. d) all of the above.

d) all of the above

Which of the following conditions is likely to increase ketone production? a) untreated diabetes b) starvation c) a high protein - low carbohydrate diet. d) all of the above.

d) all of the above

Dietary fiber can help reduce blood cholesterol levels by a) binding cholesterol and bile acids in the GI tract. b) blocking reabsorption of bile acids in the GI tract. c) inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in the liver d) all of the above are correct

d) all of the above are correct

Fructose is found mostly in a) dairy products. b) grains and cereals. c) meat. d) fruits and vegetables.

d) fruits and vegetables.

Which food would NOT be recommended as a source of calcium to someone who is lactose intolerant? a) soy milk b) tofu c) fortified orange juice d) ice cream

d) ice cream

How do indigestible carbohydrates provide health benefits? a) indigestible carbohydrates decrease the amount of water in the colon b) indigestible carbohydrates decrease the amount of bulk in the colon c) indigestible carbohydrates slows fecal movement d) indigestible carbohydrates slow nutrient absorption.

d) indigestible carbohydrates slow nutrient absorption.

Sugar alcohols are derived from: a) ethyl alcohol b) amino acids c) oleic acids d) monosaccharides.

d) monosaccharides

Which of the following types of diabetes is classified as an autoimmune disease? a) Type 1 b) Type 2 c) Gestational diabetes d) all of the above

a) Type 1

What would be the most efficient treatment for a diabetic experiencing low blood sugar levels?

Consume a source of quickly absorbed carbohydrate, such as juice or hard candy, followed by a meal.

Identify the parts of a whole-grain kernel, and describe the nutrients that are found in each part. Then, describe the parts of the kernel that are used to produce white, enriched, "all- purpose" flour and identify the nutrients that would not be present in this flour.

Bran Endosperm Germ White enriched flour is made from the endosperm and does not contain the bran or germ. Niacin, thiamin, riboflavin and iron are added back and the flour is fortified with folate. Enriched white flour does not contain Vitamin E, magnesium, Vitamin B6, fiber, and other phytonutrients found in bran and germ.

Why would cold pasta salad have a lower glycemic response than hot pasta dish with similar ingredients?

Cold pasta contains resistance starch, which cannot be digested to glucose molecules. Therefore, there would be less glucose appearing in the blood after consuming it. Hot pasta is primarily starch which is digestible, and would provide glucose molecules upon digestion.

Explain the term "carbohydrates spare protein."

When carbohydrate is in short supply the body is able to use the glucogenic amino acids to generate pyruvate and oxaloacetate. This is not an efficient of use of these amino acids, which are required for other essential processes such as growth and maintenance. Therefore, always have some carbohydrate available will spare these amino acids from being used for energy.

How many kcalories (kcal) are there in 200 grams of carbohydrates? a) 800 kcal b) 2,000 kcal c) 1,800 kcal d) 1,197 kcal

a) 800 kcal

Carbohydrates promote dental caries by which of the following mechanisms. a) sugar promotes the growth of bacteria that breakdown enamel b) bacteria metabolize carbohydrate to form acids, which break down enamel c) carbohydrates stick to teeth, preventing the removal of plaque d) all of the above

b) bacteria metabolize carbohydrate to form acids, which break down enamel

A good source of resistance starch a) apples b) chilled, cooked potatoes c) whole grain bread d) oatmeal

b) chilled, cooked potatoes

One possible adverse effect of excessive fiber consumption is: a) an increase in blood cholesterol b) decreased absorption of calcium and iron c) increased incidence of colon cancer d) increased incidence of diverticulitis.

b) decreased absorption of calcium and iron

The _______ reflects a ranking of how specific foods affect blood glucose compared to the response of a reference food. a) glycemic response b) glycemic index c) gluconeogenic index d) solubility index

b) glycemic index

The concentration of glucose in the blood is primarily regulated by a) pancreatic enzymes b) pancreatic hormones c) enzymes produced by the small intestine d) liver hormones

b) pancreatic hormones

Aerobic metabolism occurs in a) the cytoplasm of a cell b) the mitochondria of a cell c) the nucleus of a cell d) none of the above

b) the mitochondria of a cell

Select the best source of dietary fiber from the list below. a) 6 ounces of yogurt b) 1 small doughnut c) 1⁄2 cup blueberries d) 1 cup lettuce salad with slice of tomato

c) 1/2 cup blueberries

A 2000 calorie diet in which carbohydrate provides 50% of the calories would provide how many grams of carbohydrate? a) 140 b) 200 c) 250 d) 400

c) 250

The acceptable range of carbohydrate intake for a healthy diet has been set at ______ of the total energy required. a) 15-10 % b) 30-45% c) 45-65% d) 65-80%

c) 45-65%

Which of the following statements about Type 1 diabetes is correct: a) The disease occurs when cells are no longer sensitive to insulin. b) Obesity is a major risk factor for developing this disease. c) The immune system destroys the pancreatic cells that produce insulin d) Type 1 is the most common type of diabetes

c) The immune system destroys the pancreatic cells that produce insulin

Lactose intolerance is caused by a) excess production of the enzyme lactase. b) an allergic reaction to proteins found in milk and milk products. c) inadequate production of the enzyme lactase. d) the inability to produce the hormone insulin.

c) inadequate production of the enzyme lactase

Which sugar substitute is composed of aspartic acid and phenylalanine, yet provides no problem for those with phenylketonuria? a) aspartame b) saccharine c) neotame d) sorbitol.

c) neotame

The organ(s) which supply enzymes needed for starch digestion include the a) stomach. b) gallbladder. c) pancreas. d) all of the above.

c) pancreas

Despite dietary fiber having benefits for health, one problem associated with dietary fiber in young children is: a) possible water retention b) possible over nourishment c) possible under nourishment d) very long transit time.

c) possible under nourishment

Why may sugar alcohols be used in products labeled "sugar free" or "no sugar added"? a) Sugar alcohols provide no kilocalaries b) Sugar alcohols are not derivatives of sugars c) Sugar alcohols are not monosaccharides or disaccharides d) Sugar alcohols are not absorbed into the body.

c) sugar molecules are not monosaccharides or disaccharides

Which of the following statements about glycogen is false? a) glycogen is a storage form of starch in humans and animals b) glycogen is composed of many glucose molecules c) glycogen is made and stored in liver and muscle d) muscle glycogen's primary role is to keep blood glucose levels normal

d) muscle glycogen's primary role is to keep blood glucose levels normal

Which of the foods is less refined? a) raisins b) bran muffin c) mashed potato d) oatmeal

d) oatmeal

Which of the following nutrients are not added to enriched grains? a) thiamin b) niacin c) folate d) vitamin E

d) vitamin E