Chapter 40 (bio) - Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

10) To increase the effectiveness of exchange surfaces lining the lungs and the intestines, evolutionary pressures have A) increased the exchange surface area with folds and branches. B) increased the thickness of the membranes in these linings. C) increased the number of cell layers in these linings. D) decreased the metabolic rate of the cells in these linings. E) increased the volume of the cells in these linings.

A

53) Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians A) are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures. B) alter their metabolic rates to maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C. C) have a net loss of heat across a moist body surface, even in direct sun. D) are endotherms but become thermoconformers only when they are in water. E) become more active when environmental temperatures drop below 15°C.

A

9) As body size increases in animals, A) there is a decrease in the surface-to-volume ratio. B) reproduction becomes limited to terrestrial environments. C) there is greater variability in metabolic rate. D) migration to tropical areas becomes necessary for thermoregulation. E) it becomes more difficult to conserve body warmth in cold environments.

A

1) When the temperature of the outside air exceeds their internal body temperature, jackrabbits living in hot, arid lands will A) dilate the blood vessels in their large ears to transfer more body heat to the environment. B) constrict the blood vessels in their large ears to reduce transfer of external heat to the blood in their ears. C) increase motor movements to find a sunny area to maximize heat transfer into their bodies. D) increase pigmentation in their ears, darkening them to maximize their capacity to take up heat. E) begin involuntary shivering of their skeletal muscles in order to generate more metabolic heat.

B

11) The specialized function shared by the cells that line the lungs and those that line the lumen of the gut is that both types of cells A) receive their oxygen directly from inhaled air and ingested foods. B) provide abundant exchange surface. C) have exceptionally high numbers of cellular organelles in the cytoplasm. D) offer greater protection due to increased membrane thickness. E) have a lowered basal metabolic rate due to cooperative exchange between cells.

B

13) Multicellular organisms must keep their cells awash in an "internal pond" because A) their membranes will crystallize if not in contact with interstitial fluid. B) an aqueous medium is needed for the cellular exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes. C) this prevents the loss of water due to osmosis. D) their cells need to be protected from dissolved nitrogen gas in the blood. E) terrestrial organisms have not adapted to life in dry environments.

B

44) Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that A) positive feedback benefits the organism, whereas negative feedback is detrimental. B) the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it. C) the effector's response increases some parameter (such as body temperature), whereas in negative feedback it can only decrease the parameter. D) positive feedback systems have only effectors, whereas negative feedback systems have only receptors. E) positive feedback systems have control centers that are lacking in negative feedback systems.

B

48) An example of an ectothermic organism that has few or no behavioral options when it comes to its ability to adjust its body temperature is a A) terrestrial lizard. B) sea star, a marine invertebrate. C) bluefin tuna, a predatory fish. D) hummingbird. E) honeybee in a hive.

B

5) Evolutionary adaptations that help diverse animals directly exchange matter between cells and the environment include A) a gastrovascular activity, a two-layered body, and a torpedo-like body shape. B) an external respiratory surface, a small body size, and a two-cell-layered body. C) a large body volume; a long, tubular body; and a set of wings. D) complex internal structures, a small body size, and a large surface area. E) an unbranched internal surface, a small body size, and thick covering.

B

50) Endothermy A) is a characteristic of most animals found in tropical zones. B) is a characteristic of animals that have a fairly constant body temperature. C) is a term equivalent to cold-blooded. D) is a characteristic of mammals but not of birds. E) is seen only in insects and in certain predatory fishes.

B

30) Most types of communication between cells utilize A) the exchange of cytosol between the cells. B) a direct electrical connection between the cells. C) the release of chemical signals by the cell sending the message. D) the exchange of DNA between the cells. E) the movement of the cells.

C

40) The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed A) balanced equilibrium. B) physiological chance. C) homeostasis. D) static equilibrium. E) estivation.

C

43) Positive feedback has occurred when A) an increase in blood sugar increases the secretion of a hormone that stimulates the movement of sugar out of the blood. B) a decrease in blood sugar increases the secretion of a hormone that increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose. C) uterine contractions needed for the birthing process are expedited by the pressure of a moving baby in its mother's uterus. D) an increase in calcium concentration increases the secretion of a hormone that promotes the storage of calcium in bone. E) a decrease in blood calcium increases the amount of the hormone that causes the release of calcium from bone.

C

46) In a survivably cold environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm A) maintains a higher basal metabolic rate. B) expends more energy per kg of body mass than does the endotherm. C) invests little energy in temperature regulation. D) metabolizes its stored energy more readily than can the endotherm. E) has greater insulation on its body surface.

C

49) An overheated and sick dog in a hot environment will have an impaired thermoregulatory response when its A) evaporative heat loss increases. B) metabolic heat production decreases. C) body temperature increases to match the environmental temperature. D) blood vessels near its skin increase vasoconstriction. E) behavioral response takes it to a cooler location.

C

5) To prepare flight muscles for use on a cool morning, hawkmouth moths A) relax the muscles completely until after they launch themselves into the air. B) decrease their standard metabolic rate. C) rapidly contract and relax these muscles to generate metabolic warmth. D) walk to shaded areas to avoid direct sunlight. E) reduce the metabolic rate of the muscles to rest them before flight.

C

6) The similar fusiform body shape of diverse animals, such as sharks, penguins, and aquatic mammals, has evolved because A) natural selection typically has no limits when different organisms face the same challenge. B) respiration through gills is enhanced by having a fusiform shape. C) this is the body shape that makes it possible for aquatic animals to swim rapidly. D) the fusiform shape is coded by the same genes in all three types of aquatic animals. E) all three types evolved from the same ancestral form, which flew in air rather than swam in water.

C

12) Interstitial fluid is A) the fluid inside the gastrovascular cavity of Hydra. B) the internal environment inside animal cells. C) identical to the composition of blood. D) the route for the exchange of materials between blood and body cells. E) found only in the lumen of the small intestine.

D

47) Humans can lose, but cannot gain, heat through the process of A) conduction. B) convection. C) radiation. D) evaporation. E) metabolism.

D

56) In mammals this response is known as fever, but it is known to raise body temperature in other bacterially infected animals, including lizards, fishes, and cockroaches. A) growth of hair on the limbs B) reduced metabolic rate C) sweating from skin glands D) a change in the body's thermostat "set point" E) decreased thermogenesis in brown fat

D

7) The specialized structures of complex animals have evolved because A) the environment imposes identical problems regardless of where the animals are found. B) the development of the specialized structures in an animal is influenced by the animal's ability to learn. C) the simplest animals are those with the most recent appearance among the biota. D) they permit adjustments to a wide range of environmental changes. E) the most complex animals are the ones with the most ancient evolutionary origin.

D

8) All animals, whether large or small, have A) an external body surface that is dry. B) a basic body plan that resembles a two-layered sac. C) a body surface covered with hair to keep them warm. D) the ability to enter dormancy when resources become scarce. E) each living cell in contact with an aqueous medium.

E

14) Tissues are composed of cells, and tissues functioning together make up A) organs. B) membranes. C) organ systems. D) organelles. E) organisms.

a

52) An example of an organism that has only behavioral controls over its body temperature is the A) green frog. B) penguin. C) bluefin tuna. D) house sparrow. E) gray wolf.

a

acclimatization

a process by which an animal adjusts to changes inits internal environment

regulator

a regulator for a particular environment variable if it uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change while external conditions fluctuate

biosynthesis

after the energetic needs of staying alive are met, any remaining food molecules can be used in production of reproduction structures, including gametes

homeotherm

an animal that maintains a relatively stable internal temperature

poikilotherm

an animals with a body temperature that varies within its environment

vasodilation

an increase in the diameter of superficial blood vessels near the body surface

21) Coordinating body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by A) the respiratory system. B) the endocrine system. C) the immune and lymphatic systems. D) the integumentary system. E) the excretory system.

b

57) Ingested foods inside the digestive tract of snakes are typically digested by A) biosynthesis. B) enzymatic hydrolysis. C) uric acid. D) chemiosmosis. E) metabolic heat.

b

74) Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has A) less surface area. B) less surface area per unit of volume. C) the same surface-to-volume ratio. D) a smaller average distance between its mitochondria and the external source of oxygen. E) a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio.

b

thermogenesis

because endotherms generally maintain their body temperature above environmental temperature, they must counteract constant heat loss by varying heat production.

Anatomy

biological form

physiology

biological function

circulatory flid

blood

hypothalamus

brain region that nerve cells that control thermoregulation are concentrated in

2) If thermoregulation is considered to be a secondary function of the large ears of jackrabbits, then the primary function of the ears is A) to optimize nutrient intake through the thin, permeable surfaces on the ears. B) to alter the rate of gas exchange, based on the adjustable radius of the ears' blood vessels. C) to detect predators by using the large size and flexible positioning of the external ears to channel sound waves into the ear canal. D) to protect offspring from bright sunlight by the positioning of the ears to cast the maximum shadows. E) to protect against pathogens by having a thick, waxy surface on the ears.

c

3) Which choice best describes a reasonable mechanism for animal structures becoming better suited over evolutionary time to specific functions? A) Animals that eat the most food become the most abundant. B) Animals that restrict their food intake will become less abundant. C) Animals with mutations that give rise to effective structures will become more abundant. D) Animals with inventions that curtail reproduction will become more abundant. E) Animals with parents that continually improve their offspring's structures will become more abundant.

c

54) The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the A) medulla oblongata. B) thyroid gland. C) hypothalamus. D) subcutaneous layer of the skin. E) liver.

c

72) Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment? A) feathers or fur B) vasoconstriction C) wind blowing across the body surface D) countercurrent heat exchanger E) blubber or fat layer

c

specialized filtration

can adjust the composition of the internal fluids that bathe animals body cells

internal digestive organs

can break down food gradually controlling the release of stored energy

the endocrine system broadcasts...

chemical signals called hormones through tout the body difference hormones cause distinct effects and only cells that have receptors for a particular hormone respond

the laws of hydrodynamics

constrain the shapes that are possible for the aquatic organism that swim very fast

18) Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with A) connective tissue. B) smooth muscle cells. C) neural tissue. D) epithelial tissue. E) adipose tissue.

d

4) Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because A) all share a common ancestor at some point in the past. B) all of their bodies have been compressed since birth by intensive underwater pressures. C) flying, pregnancy, and gill-breathing all require similar adaptations in form. D) the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution to the need to reduce drag while swimming. E) this is the only shape that will allow them to maintain a constant body temperature in water.

d

58) Seasonal changes in snake activity are due to the fact that the snake A) is less active in winter because the food supply is decreased. B) is less active in winter because it does not need to avoid predators. C) is more active in summer because that is the period for mating. D) is more active in summer because it can gain body heat by conduction. E) is more active in summer as a result of being disturbed by other animals.

d

51) The panting responses that are observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipates excess heat by A) countercurrent exchange. B) acclimation. C) vasoconstriction. D) hibernation. E) evaporation.

e

55) A female Burmese python incubating her eggs can warm them using A) acclimatization. B) torpor. C) evaporative cooling. D) nonshivering thermogenesis. E) shivering thermogenesis.

e

59) Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) are A) used differently: SMR is measured during exercise, whereas BMR is measured at rest. B) used to compare metabolic rate between hibernating and nonhibernating states. C) both measured across a wide range of temperatures for a given species. D) both standard measurements of fat metabolism in mammals. E) both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state.

e

61) Among these choices, the least reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate is the amount of A) food eaten in one day. B) heat generated in one day. C) oxygen used in mitochondria in one day. D) carbon dioxide produced in one day. E) water consumed in one day.

e

67) A moth preparing for flight on a cold morning warms its flight muscles via A) acclimatization. B) torpor. C) evaporative cooling. D) nonshivering thermogenesis. E) shivering thermogenesis.

e

what are the four main tissue groups

epithelial tissue connective tissue muscle tissue nervous tissue

physical law contains the maximum size of animals

essentially you can be too big, usually bigger the better unless too big

nervous tranmission nis

fast and short lived

interstitial fluid

fills the space between cells

conformer

for a particular environment variable if it uses internal control to vary as external conditions fluctuate

all organisms require chemical energy for..

growth, repair, activity, and reproduction

as warm blood moves from the body core through the arteries...

heat transfers to the colder venous blood returning from the extremities

homeostasis... but does not...

homeostasis limits but does not eliminte changes in the internal environment

endotherm acclimatization

includes adjustments at a cellular lebel cells may increase production of certain enzymes or produce enzyme variants with diff temp

major thermoregulatory system; insulation

insulation reduces the flow of heat between an animals and its environment and lowers the energy cost of keeping warm

positive feed back

is a control mechanism that amplifies rather than reduces the stimulus

homeostasis

is a general process by which organism maintain a steady state or internal balance

a complex body is especially well suited for

life on land where the external environment may be variable

acclimatization cont

many animals adjust to a new range of environmental temperatures by a psychological responses

in homeostasis animals rely largely on what kind of feed back

negative feed back

nervous system

nerve impulses travel to specific target cells along a dedicated communication line consisting mainly of neuron extensions called axons

nervous system

neurons transit signals called nerve impulses between specific locations

what are the four types of cells that relieve nerve impulses

other neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells, exocrine cells

in concurrent heat exchange:

parties and veins are located adjacent to each there

positive feedback loop examples

positive feed back examples child birth the pressure of the baby head against the receptors near the opening of the mothers uterus stimulates uterine contractions

sensory organs

provide detailed information about the animals surrounds

what are the four physical processes at which an animal exchanges heat with their external environment

radiation, evaporation, convection, and conduction

vasoconstriction

reduces blood flow and heat transfer by decreasing the diameter of superficial vessels

hormones are..

relatively slow acting and long lasting

the endocrine system

signals a release into the blood stream by endocrine cell research all locations of the body

integumentary system

skin hair and nails

ectotherm acclimatization

some ectotherms produce antifreeze compounds to prevent ice formation in body cells

physical law governs

strength, diffusion, movement, and heat exchange

endothermic animals

such as birds and mammals use metabolic heat to regulate their body temperature

ectothermic animals

such as snakes and most fishes gain most of their heat from the external environment

metabolic rate

the amount of energy an animals uses in a unit of time is its metabolic rate which the sum of all the energy requiring biochemical reactions that occur during a given time interval

two major systems for control and coordination

the endocrine system and the nervous system

bioenergetics

the flow of energy through an animal that determine how much food is needed and relates to the animal size, activity, and environment

maintaining fluid integrity

the plasma membrane between cells an a animals body must be arranged so that all of its living cells are bathed in aqueous medium

thermoregulation

the process by which animals maintain their internal temperature within a tolerable range

the rate of exchange

the rate of exchange is directly proportional to the membrane surface area, while the amount of material that must be changed is proportional to the cell volume

circulatory adaptation; countercurrent exchange

the transfer of heat or solutes in between fluids that flow in opposite directions

a group of nerve cells in the hypothalamus function as a

thermostat

Jack rabbit ears

thin and large provide an acute sense of hearing reducing risk of predation. when it gets cold ears go pale and reflect the narrowing blood vessels as an adaptive response to a hot environment

what can happen through exchange

through exchange a complex animals can maintain a stable internal environment while living in a variable external environment

thyroid gland have the receptor for

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

elevated blood flow in the skin is a result of

vasodilation

the endocrine system overview

well suited for coordination gradual changes that affect the entire body, such as growth and development, reproduction, metabolic processes and digestion

the nervous system basic over view

well suited for directing immediate and rapid responses to the environment especially in controlling fast locomotion and behavior

nerve impulses travel

within axons

both the nervous system and the endocrine system

work towards maintaining a stable internal environment