chapter 41 homework, bio 2 exam 3
Select the correct statement about plant growth.
A plant may produce juvenile and adult leaves at the same time.
Which of the following statements is most consistent from the data in the graph?
A smaller animal would consume more food per gram of tissue.
Which of the following is true?
A vegan tends to eat a more exclusive diet than a vegetarian.
Compare the relative abundance of Actinobacteria in the microbiome of a healthy adult's intestinal tract to that of a healthy adult's stomach. Which statement best represents the relative abundance of Actinobacteria in each?
Actinobacteria are abundant in the stomach, but rare in the intestinal tract of healthy adults.
Which statement best represents the bacterial community composition of a healthy adult's stomach?
Actinobacteria are the most abundant bacteria in the stomach of healthy adults, followed by Firmicutes, and roughly equal amounts of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria.
Some animals have no gills when young, but then develop gills that grow larger as the animal grows larger. Which of the following statements provides the best explanation for this increase in gill size?
Relative to their volume, the young have more surface area across which they can transport all the oxygen they need
An initial cell in a plant apical meristem has a cuboidal shape. Predict the orientation of microtubules beneath the cell membrane if that cell will differentiate into procambium and ultimately a xylem vessel.
Rings of microtubules are oriented at right angles to the direction the cell will eventually expand.
Which of the following changes to the shape of a cube of clay will decrease its surface area relative to its volume?
Round the clay up into a sphere.
Which statement is true about how standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) are measured?
SMR and BMR are measured in animals in a resting and fasting state.
If you place a small piece of a cracker on your tongue, what would you expect to happen?
Salivary amylase degrades the starch from the cracker into maltose.
Which structure is not part of the alimentary canal?
Salivary glands.
Which of these provides the best advantage for an animal that conforms to a changing environmental condition, such as temperature?
The animal spends less energy regulating its internal temperature.
What benefit is gained by intestinal bacteria living in a mutualistic relationship with an animal?
The bacteria are provided with a regular source of nutrients.
Which of the following scenarios primarily involves heat transfer by convection?
You roll down the car window to allow the cool breeze to blow through.
To survive, all animals must _____.
balance consumption of food with use and storage of nutrients
Which is the name of the epithelial cell surface that faces the outside of an organ?
basal
Which statement best explains why cattle able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material?
because cattle have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms
Which statement best describes how stomach cells survive the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach?
because they are covered by a thick, mucous secretion and rapidly undergo active mitosis
Which of these is NOT one of the four major categories of tissue?
blood
When digested, fats are broken down into _____.
both glycerol and fatty acids
Bacteria in the human gut are which of the following?
both pathogens and mutualists
Which of the following structures cannot be formed by an axillary bud?
branch root
Which statement best describes what secretions of the parietal cells do upon activation by stomach acidity?
break peptide bonds of proteins in the stomach
Animals obtain the energy they need for growth by
breaking down organic molecules
The presence of fatty acids and amino acids in the chyme from the stomach triggers the small intestine to secrete a hormone known as _____.
cholecystokinin, or CCK
If a person travels to a time zone that was several hours ahead of their own, they may experience tiredness known as jet lag. Jet lag is due to a disruption of ________.
circadian rhythm
Which of the following cell types have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant?
collenchyma cells
The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is
connective tissue.
Which of the following features is shared by all animals?
contact between their cells and an aqueous medium
As the epidermis is pushed outward and sloughed off, it is replaced by tissues produced by the __________.
cork cambium
Which of the following is correctly matched with its tissue system? See Concept 35.1 (Page)
cortex ... ground tissue system
Which of the following is correctly matched with its tissue system?
cortex, with ground tissue system
Lysine is an essential amino acid for animals. An animal that lacked lysine in its diet ________.
could not make many necessary proteins
Iodine deficiency in mammals will most likely result in ________.
decreased production of thyroid hormones
A neuron consists of _____.
dendrites, a cell body, and axons
Which of the following animals uses the largest percentage of its energy budget for homeostatic regulation?
desert bird
Jasmine, a 36-year-old female, visits her personal care physician complaining of muscle cramps and reduced appetite. Which of the following options would a doctor likely advise her to do to reduce her symptoms?
drinking a sports drink (high in sodium and chlorine)
Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The __________ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the __________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.
elephant; mouse
Which of the following best describes the driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil?
elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem
The bile salts _____.
emulsify fats in the duodenum
Which body system assists with coordination of vertebrate body functions via chemical signals?
endocrine system
The innermost layer of the root cortex is the
endodermis.
Bats and hummingbirds are examples of __________.
endotherms that are also poikilotherms
Negative feedback is a method of homeostatic control that ________
ensures conditions in an organism do not vary too much above or below their set points
What tissue lines most exchange surfaces of multicellular animals?
epithelial tissue
Elephants can often be observed using their trunks to spray water over their bodies, which cools them. What type of heat exchange does this process promote?
evaporation
The panting responses observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipate heat loss by what process?
evaporation
After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict dietary intake of _____.
fat
The ____________________ are not involved as coenzymes. But they are still essential in our diet, and they are involved in important processes such as vision, bone formation, protection from oxidation, and blood clotting.
fat-soluble vitamins
After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict dietary intake of
fat.
Animals that migrate great distances would obtain the greatest energetic benefit of storing chemical energy as _____.
fats
Which of the following molecules provides the greatest energy storage for animals?
fats
A fat molecule also includes one, two, or three _____________ molecules.
fatty acid
Choose the list that correctly describes metabolic rates, corrected for body mass, from lowest to highest.
fish, dog, mouse
Ticks are parasites that obtain nutrients by ingesting blood from a host animal. Ticks would be classified as ________.
fluid feeders
__________________ is a vitamin that is used in reactions that transfer single-carbon units. The vitamin also helps reduce the risk of birth defects such as spina bifida and cleft lip. Women of child-bearing age should consume the recommended amount of this vitamin.
folic acid
It is important for pregnant women to consume folic acid supplements because ________.
folic acid deprivation is associated with neural tube defects in a fetus
Your small intestine can absorb ____ without their being further digested.
fructoses
Your friend is a vegan. Which of the following would be best for her to have to help ensure that she is absorbing iron?
glass of orange juice
A fat molecule is composed of two types of smaller molecules, including only one molecule of _______________.
glycerol
Which of the following tissues or cell types are always present in a monocot stem?
ground tissue beneath the epidermis
The gastrovascular cavity differs from the alimentary canal in that only the gastrovascular cavity _____.
has only a single opening
Cattle are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material because cattle _____.
have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs
A fasting animal whose energy needs exceed those provided in its diet will draw on its stored resources in which order?
liver glycogen, then muscle glycogen, then fat
Drag each statement into the appropriate bin depending on whether the event occurs in the lumen of the small intestine, in a small intestine epithelial cell, or in a lacteal.
lumen of small intestine: -Lipase breaks triglycerides down into monoglycerides and fatty acids. epithelial cell: -Monoglycerides and fatty acids are reassembled to form triglycerides. -Triglycerides are coated with phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins to form chylomicrons. -Chylomicrons leave this structure by exocytosis. lacteal: -Chylomicrons are transported in this structure to veins. -This structure contains lymph.
Homeostasis is the __________.
maintenance of a relatively constant and optimal internal environment
Starch can be broken down into the disaccharide known as _____.
maltose
A fat molecule with only one fatty acid is called a ______________.
monoglyceride
Which of the following structural features of the digestive system improves the efficiency of exchange of energy and materials with the environment?
more branching or folds
The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that _____.
most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood
For ingested foods, the first opportunity for enzymatic digestion occurs in the _____.
mouth
With ingested foods, the first opportunity for enzymatic digestion occurs in the __________.
mouth
If you were to jog 1 km a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap?
muscle and liver glycogen
The four major categories of tissues are _____. See Concept 40.1 (Page)
nervous, epithelial, connective, and muscle
In which process is the metabolic breakdown of specialized brown fat deposits in certain animals substantially increased?
nonshivering thermogenesis
Which of the following can be used to determine a twig's age?
number of apical bud scar rings
Jahasz-Pocsine and co-workers found a correlation between gastric bypass surgery and neurological complications. In gastric bypass surgery, the stomach can be made smaller so as to hold less food and thus promote weight loss. Surgeons performed gastric bypass surgery on 150 patients at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Neurology Clinic. Of the 150 patients, 26 experienced neurological complications related to the surgery. What is the most likely cause for the neurological complications?
nutrient (for example, vitamin and mineral) deficiencies
Which of the following is not a major activity of the stomach?
nutrient absorption
Which of the following is unique to the shoot apical meristem region? I) the region of cell division II) leaf primordia III) cells that will give rise to the protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium
only II
According to the ABC hypothesis for flower formation, which of the following outcomes would be expected for a plant that only expresses its A and C flower genes?
only sepals and carpels will form
Proteins consist of amino acids linked to
other amino acids
Secretin stimulates the _____ to secrete _____.
pancreas ... bicarbonate
Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the _____ to secrete _____.
pancreas ... pancreatic enzymes
The active ingredient orlistat acts to decrease the amount of fat that is absorbed by attaching to enzymes that digest fat. Which of the following is a potential target of orlistat?
pancreatic lipase
A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are they?
parenchyma
Over-the-counter medications for acid reflux or heartburn block the production of stomach acid. Which of the following cells are directly affected by this medication?
parietal cells
Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots?
pericycle
Suppose a flower had normal expression of genes AA and CC and expression of gene BB in all four whorls. Based on the ABCABC hypothesis, what would be the structure of that flower, starting at the outermost whorl?
petal-petal-stamen-stamen
Choose the correct anatomical sequence that presents the order in which food in the digestive system passes through.
pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine
The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the
pharynx.
A leaf would best be described as a
plant organ.
Starch is a type of _____.
polysaccharide
Constipation can result from the consumption of a substance that ________.
promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine
The digestion of ________ begins in the stomach.
protein
Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels decline is most analogous to which of the following human adaptations?
putting more red blood cells into circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels decline
A countercurrent heat exchanger enables an animal to _____. See Concept 40.3 (Page)
reduce the loss of body heat to the environment
Cellular differentiation and morphogenesis in plants depends primarily on _____. See Concept 35.5 (Page)
regulation of gene expression
Cellular differentiation and morphogenesis in plants depends primarily on __________.
regulation of gene expression
The lower esophageal sphincter surrounds the upper opening into the stomach. If this sphincter failed to properly constrict, there might be a problem with _____.
regurgitation of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus, commonly called "heartburn"
Which of the following is a typical characteristic of connective tissues?
relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix
Which of the following plant parts absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?
root hairs
Which of the following structures is correctly paired with its function?
sclerenchyma-supporting cells with thick secondary walls
The bark of a tree trunk includes which of the following tissues?
secondary phloem and layers of periderm
What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree?
secondary xylem
Which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral meristem activity?
secondary xylem
The vascular cambium gives rise to
secondary xylem and phloem.
Heartwood and sapwood consist of
secondary xylem.
The acidity of the stomach contents triggers the small intestine to secrete a hormone known as _____.
secretin
Which of the following cells transport sugars over long distances?
sieve-tube elements
Which of the following organs is correctly paired with its function?
small intestine-polysaccharide digestion
Which of the following organs is correctly paired with its function?
small intestine: polysaccharide digestion
Which type of muscle directly helps move food along the digestive tract?
smooth muscle
Cellular differentiation is responsible for __________
some epidermal cells in Arabidopsis becoming root hair cells while others become hairless epidermal cells.
Your three-year-old nephew is lactose intolerant and thus cannot drink cow's milk. Which of the following would be the best substitute for protein?
soy milk
Which of the following is a unique characteristic of smooth muscle?
spindle-shaped cells with a single nucleus
Evolutionary biologists have coined the term exaptation to describe a common occurrence in the evolution of life: A limb or organ evolves in a particular context but over time takes on a new function. What are some examples of exaptations in plant organs?
spines of a garden rose, bulb of a tulip ,tendrils of a pea plant
Which of the following structures is a modified horizontal shoot growing along the soil surface?
stolon
Protein digestion begins in the _____.
stomach
Which of the following accurately describes the structure of a leaf?
stomata can occur on both sides of a leaf
When the digestion and absorption of organic carbohydrates results in more energy-rich molecules than are immediately required by an animal, the excess is _____.
stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles
Which of the following properties are displayed by cardiac muscle cells?
striated appearance and presence of intercalated disks
Gastroliths are stones that are used by the digestive systems of some animals to perform mechanical digestion. Fossilized gastroliths have been found with dinosaur skeletons. What does this evidence suggest about the digestive systems of dinosaurs?
that dinosaurs had gizzards
Many ornamental roses have sepals and multiple showy petals, but lack reproductive parts. Assuming that rose development follows the ABC hypothesis, which gene is most likely to be suppressed?
the C gene
The following are characteristics of plant cells but not animal cells except
the absence of mitochondria.
The migratory eel, Anguilla rostrata, lives as a juvenile in fresh water, but then migrates through the ocean as an adult. Which of the following adaptations would facilitate the transition from fresh water to salt water?
the adult eels being better at removing salt from their bodies compared to juveniles
As this wagon passed from the middle of the Sequoia tree to the outside, what would be the order of tissues it passed through?
the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark
Measuring which of the following amounts would most accurately determine the metabolic rate of an animal?
the energy used by an animal in a given time
Among mammals, it is generally true that _____.
the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea
Which of the following statements is true regarding the digestive system in mammals?
the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea
Among humans, increased interest in food intake normally occurs _____.
via hormonal signals released from the stomach wall
Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells?
vascular cambium
In a meristematic region, the cell plate during mitosis is perpendicular to the side of the stem. In what direction will the stem grow?
vertically in height
Which of the following statements about secondary growth is true?
- The oldest secondary vascular cells (xylem or phloem) are the farthest from the vascular cambium layer. - The vascular cambium and cork cambium start actively dividing only after primary growth in that area of a root or shoot has stopped.
Hunger and malnutrition are urgent problems for many poor countries, yet plant biologists in wealthy nations have focused most of their research efforts on Arabidopsis thaliana. Some people have argued that if plant biologists are truly concerned about fighting world hunger, they should study cassava and plantain because these two crops are staples for many of the world's poor. If you were an Arabidopsis researcher, how might you respond to this argument?
-A wealth of genomic resources received from Arabidopsis already exists, such as a completely sequenced genome, a large mutant collection, and genome arrays that contain all of its transcripts. -The many advantages of Arabidopsis include its small genome, short life cycle, small stature, prolific seed production, and ease of transformation. -Experiments can be done more quickly, more cheaply, and more definitively on Arabidopsis than on crop plants such as cassava and plantain.
Secondary growth, the increase in thickness of roots and shoots, is made possible by division of cells in the lateral meristems.Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all.1. 1. Secondary growth produced by the _________ is unidirectional due to cells being added only to the outside of the cambium layer.2. Secondary growth produced by the ____________ is bidirectional due to cells being added to both sides of the cambium layer.3. The vascular cambium generates __________ to the inside and _________ to the outside.4. The majority of cells added during secondary growth are ___________.5. The tissue that is commonly referred to as "wood" in a woody plant is composed of __________ formed from the vascular cambium.
1. Cork Cambrium 2. Vascular Cambrium 3. Xylem Cells; Phloem Cells 4. Xylem Cells 5. Xylem Cells
1. What is the main purpose of secondary growth in a woody stem? 2.During primary growth, the primary xylem and phloem grow alongside each other, except for a layer of tissue in between them. These primary tissues will eventually be pushed away from each other during secondary growth. What growth process causes this to occur? 3.Bark is generally thought to be the tough outer layer of the stem; however, it is composed of all tissues exterior to the vascular cambium. From the following list, which tissues make up bark?
1. It makes the stems and roots thicker 2.the accumulation of secondary xylem and secondary phloem 3.secondary phloem, primary phloem, periderm
Plants grow in two very different ways. Each type of growth is accomplished by specific types of cells, in specific areas of the plant, and for specific purposes.Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all.1. ____________ is the method by which roots and shoots are elongated in all vascular plants.2. ___________ is the method by which woody plants grow in thickness.3. ____________ is accomplished by two cylinders of dividing cells called ________ meristems.4. _____________ is accomplished by groups of undifferentiated cells at the tips of the roots and shoots called _________ meristems.5. The majority of growth in width is due to increases in the number of cells added by the _______ cambium.
1. Primary Growth 2. Secondary Growth 3. Secondary Growth; Lateral 4. Primary Growth; Apical 5. Vascular
1. Secondary growth NEVER occurs in _____. 2. _____ provides cells for secondary growth. 3.Vascular cambium forms wood toward the stem's _____ and secondary phloem toward the stem's _____. 4.What is the function of cork? 5.How is the supply of vascular cambium maintained?
1. leaves 2. Vascular cambium 3.center ... surface 4.insulation and waterproofing 5.by the division of its cells
As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. About how many meters above the ground is the nail?
1.5
1. How does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types? 2. Which of these describes loose connective tissue? 3.Cartilage is found _____. 4._____ is the connective tissue specialized for transport.
1.Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix. 2. It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material. 3.at the ends of bones such as the femur 4.Blood
1.Which term describes a steady state in which the internal conditions of an organism are kept within a narrow range without regard to the external conditions? 2.Which of the following actions is not a function of the epithelium? 3.True or false? Organisms must maintain homeostasis because optimal enzyme activity is achieved within a very narrow range of conditions. 4.Which component of a homeostatic system compares sensory information to a target value? 5.Which component of a homeostatic system perceives changes in some parameter of the environment? 6.Which of the following actions acts to warm a homeothermic body? 7.Which of the following statements describes a negative feedback response?
1.Regulatory homeostasis. 2.Allows the internal environment to alter its conditions to match those of the external environment. 3.True 4.Integrator 5.Sensor. 6.Shivering. 7.After a meal, blood sugar levels in the body rise; insulin is secreted to lower blood sugar levels.
1.What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries? 2.Cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of _____ fibers. 3._____ muscle is attached to bones.
1.smooth muscle 2.branched 3.Skeletal
1.What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces? 2.What type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients? 3.Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion? 4.What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules?
1.stratified epithelium 2.simple columnar epithelium 3.simple squamous epithelium 4.simple cuboidal cells
You travel to England for a vacation. Which of the following people you meet is most likely to be a vegan?
27-year-old woman
Examine the digestive system structures in the figure. Most of the digestion of fats occurs in structure(s) ________.
4
Examine the digestive system structures in the figure. The highest rate of nutrient absorption occurs at location ________.
4
Examine the digestive system structures in the figure. In which labeled structure are bacteria that produce vitamins found in the greatest concentration?
5
Examine the digestive system structures in the figure. The agents that help emulsify fats are produced in location ________.
9
Which of these is an example of negative feedback?
After you eat, insulin stimulates the lowering of blood sugar levels.
Select the correct statement describing feedback control in animals.
An animal may be a regulator for one environmental variable but a conformer for another.
Plants and animals respond differently to the environment. Which statement most accurately compares the responses of plants and animals to changes in their environment?
Animals tend to respond to changes in their environment by movement; plants tend to respond to changes in their environment by growth.
When used appropriately by a patient, antibiotic treatment can effectively reduce bacteria populations and help fight infections. However, antibiotic treatments can have unintended effects. What is one concern when using antibiotics?
Antibiotics may also kill the beneficial bacteria of the microbiome, thereby disrupting digestive health.
When used appropriately, antibiotic treatment can effectively reduce bacteria populations and help fight infections. However, antibiotic treatments can have unintended effects. What is one concern when using antibiotics?
Antibiotics may also kill the beneficial bacteria of the microbiome, thereby disrupting digestive health.
Which statement best describes why mechanical digestion, the process of breaking down large chunks of food into smaller pieces, is an important digestive process?
Because smaller pieces of food have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food
_____ is secreted by the _____ and acts to emulsify _____ in the _____.
Bile ... liver ... fats ... small intestine
Which of the following occurs when body temperature decreases below normal body temperature?
Blood vessels in the skin constrict to help prevent heat loss.
Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids. Which of the following statements is true regarding these processes?
Both use water molecules when breaking bonds (hydrolysis)
Choose the correct statement from the list below.
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase.
Select the correct statement about essential nutrients.
Essential nutrients must be obtained from diet.
A researcher is setting up an experiment to measure basal metabolic rate in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster-a small rodent). Which of the following would be the best set of conditions for the voles immediately before and during the measurement?
D; -a cage with no food for a few hours before measurement -a room the same temperature as the room where housed
Why does an enzyme cease to function when it has become denatured?
Denaturation changes the three-dimensional shape of the active site of the enzyme, preventing it from binding to the substrate.
Which statement about endotherms and ectotherms is correct?
Ectotherms are more abundant and diverse than endotherms.
How do endotherms and ectotherms differ?
Endotherms and ectotherms differ in the means by which they regulate their body temperature.
Which statement is true about enzymes in the human body?
Enzymes in the human body usually work best at normal body temperature.
Which process is not required for an animal to obtain energy from food?
Excretion.
True or False? The liver is a component of the alimentary canal.
False.
True or false? One advantage of having a tube-like digestive tract is that digestion of all compounds can take place simultaneously down the tract.
False.
Locate the pie chart showing the microbiome of a healthy adult's intestinal tract. Which statement best represents the bacterial community composition of a healthy adult's intestinal tract?
Firmicutes are the most abundant bacteria in the intestinal tract of healthy adults, followed by Bacteroidetes and a small amount of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria.
Which principle of heat exchange best explains why birds fluff their feathers in colder weather?
Fluffing creates a pocket of air near the bird that acts as insulation.
Choose the correct statement from the list below.
Free fatty acid absorption occurs in the small intestine.
How do hydrogen ions (H+) and chloride ions (Cl-) get into the lumen of the stomach?
H+ is actively transported from parietal cells into the lumen, while Cl- diffuses from parietal cells into the lumen.
Researchers sequenced bacterial DNA found in the stomachs of humans to analyze the human microbiome. They compared the microbiomes of stomachs from healthy humans to those of stomachs from humans infected by H. pylori. What can you conclude from these data?
H. pylori infections result in reduced diversity of stomach bacteria.
Pepsinogen is converted to its active form in the stomach by ________.
HCl
Growth and development of plant parts involves which of the following processes? I) cell division to produce new cells II) enlargement and elongation of cells III) specialization of cells into tissues
I, II, and III
The veins of leaves are best described as which of the following? I) composed of xylem and phloem II) continuous, with vascular bundles in the stem III) finely branched to be in close contact with photosynthesizing cells
I, II, and III
Refer to the figure. A monocot stem is represented by which of the following?
II only.
Apical meristems of dicots are at the tips of stems and the leaves have determinate growth. Apical meristems of grasses are at ground level, or slightly below, and the leaves have indeterminate growth from meristems at the base of each leaf. What does this mean when considering care of a lawn or soccer field?
If you mow one inch above ground level, apical meristems can continue to produce new leaves and cut leaves can continue growing
Choose the correct statement from the list below.
Proteins that are consumed in the diet are absorbed as individual amino acids following digestion.
Many people have a tendency to gorge on rich, fatty foods. How could such a preference have evolved?
In ancestral hunter-gatherer communities, individuals with a tendency to gorge on such foods when available would have had a selective advantage.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the impact of the environment on snake behavior?
In hot weather, a snake is more active because it can gain body heat by conduction.
Some understory plants in dense tropical rain forests have very large leaves. Which of the following is the most likely selective advantage of these leaves?
Increased leaf surface area maximizes light absorption for photosynthesis under low light intensity.
Which of the following is an advantage of a complete digestive system?
It allows for specialized regions with specialized functions.
You find a plant unfamiliar to you and observe that it has vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem cross section. What should you conclude about the plant?
It is a monocot.
How did the evolution of lignin affect vascular plant structure and function?
It is synthesized in the cells that become part of the transport system, It drives out water and strengthens the cell wall, It is one of the major constituents of the secondary wall of tall plants.
What is one function of mucus in the lumen of the stomach?
It protects the epithelium from being digested by gastric juice.
Which of the following statements correctly describes peristalsis?
It results from smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus.
Primary growth increases the length of plant roots and shoots.Rank the following types of cells from least mature to most mature.
Least Mature - Apical Meristem Cells Middle - Primary Meristem Cells Most Mature - Differentiated Cells
Which of the following accurately describes meristematic plant cells?
Meristematic cells are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells.
Which one of the following statements is true?
Monocot stems have scattered vascular tissue, whereas eudicot stems have vascular tissue arranged in a ring.
What is a consequence of monocot vascular bundles not having a vascular cambium between the xylem and phloem?
Monocots have no secondary growth.
Animals cannot produce enzymes to digest cellulose, yet many termite species consume cellulose from plant material as a main part of their diet. How do termites access the nutrients contained in cellulose?
Mutualistic bacteria in the hindgut of the termite digest the cellulose into sugars.
The image below is a cross section through a young root tip with a layer of root cap cells surrounding the developing epidermis and interior tissues. The darker epidermal cells are stained to express the homeotic gene GLABRA-2. Which of the following best predicts what will be the appearance of this part of the mature root?
Only the unstained cells will develop root hairs.
If you put the following events in the order they occur in the human digestive system, the third event in the series would be:
Pepsin activates pepsinogen.
Which of the following is an example of positive feedback in the lumen of the stomach?
Pepsin digests molecules of pepsinogen, producing more pepsin.
Select the best description of the significance of the meristems of plants.
Plant meristems are permanently embryonic regions within the plant body.
The use of brown fat to generate metabolic heat is mostly limited to small mammals. Which characteristic of small mammals created the selective pressure that favored the use of brown fat to generate metabolic heat?
Small mammals have a large surface area to volume ratio, which allows rapid heat loss.
Look at the graphs and choose the correct statement describing the relationship between BMR (basal metabolic rate) and body mass of mammals. (Look carefully at the quantity being displayed on the y-axis of each figure.)
Small mammals have lower BMR, but use more calories per kilogram than large mammals.
Use your knowledge of primary and secondary growth to visualize and explain how this happened.
Someone must have threaded it over a young woody branch: primary growth raised the bicycle off the ground. Secondary growth in the region of the tree notch enveloped the bicycle.
Termites are insects that eat a variety of dead plants, but they are most well-known for burrowing into wooden structures (including houses!) and eating the cellulose within the wood. What type of feeding mechanism do termites use
Substrate feeding
Just as heat can denature enzymes, so can a change in the pH. Enzymes that normally work in an acidic environment in the body can become denatured if the pH becomes too alkaline. And enzymes that normally work in alkaline environments in the body can become denatured if the pH becomes too acidic. Taking an antacid to reduce the acidity (and increase the pH) of the stomach and to relieve heartburn can make a person more comfortable. What would be the major drawback to taking too many antacids?
Taking too many antacids could denature the enzymes that break down food in the stomach.
Which of the following is a correct statement about an organism and its environment?
The interstitial fluid is the exchange medium between body cells and the circulatory system in vertebrate animals.
Assuming the United States is similar to Britain, which of the following is true?
The number of vegans is increasing.
A researcher added a mixture of animal proteins to a physiological buffer solution (pH 7.4) in a test tube incubated at 37°C. The researcher then added purified pepsin to the mixture, but even after several hours, the proteins were not digested. Which of the following would explain this result?
The pH was too high.
Tunas, sharks, penguins, and dolphins all have a basic fusiform shape, tapered at both ends. What explains this similarity in shape?
The similarity is due to convergent evolution, because all these animals share similar environmental challenges.
Consider the interior surface of the human stomach and its secretions, shown in the figure. Why doesn't gastric juice, composed of hydrochloric acid and a protease called pepsin, digest the cells that line the stomach?
The stomach lining secretes mucus, a mixture of glycoproteins, cells, salts, and water.
What is the first thing that happens when body temperature increases above normal body temperature?
The thermostat in the hypothalamus activates cooling mechanisms.
Other than the transport of materials, what is another function that vascular tissue performs in a leaf?
The tissue functions as a skeleton that reinforces the shape of the leaf.
Which of the following statements best explains the similarity in the body form of penguins, seals, and tuna?
Their shapes are the result of convergent evolution, which reduces drag while swimming
Why do the cells of the digestive system secrete proteolytic enzymes, such as pepsin, in their inactive forms?
These proteolytic enzymes, in active form, would digest the very tissues that synthesize them
Which statement best describes why cells of the digestive system secrete proteolytic enzymes, such as pepsin, in their inactive forms?
These proteolytic enzymes, in active form, would digest the very tissues that synthesize them.
What is the importance of the mucus that are released by salivary glands?
They are glycoproteins that make food slippery enough to slide easily through the esophagus.
How do cells in a meristem differ from cells in other types of plant tissue? See Concept 35.2 (Page)
They continue to divide
The epithelium that lines the stomach has many deep infoldings, or pits. In what way do these pits function as glands?
They secrete gastric juice into the main chamber of the stomach.
Which of the following is a characteristic of nervous system signals?
They travel quickly throughout the body
Identify the roles played by human gut bacteria.
Ulcers are caused by the acid-tolerant bacterium Helicobacter pylori.
Which of the following is a difference between vitamins and minerals?
Vitamins are organic molecules, but minerals are inorganic molecules
What process is most important in the expansion of plant cells?
Water uptake
Which of the following is generally true within the human body?
When a person is warm, blood flow near the skin and in the extremities increases.
You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body temperature. How do you determine whether this animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm?
You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm.
You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body temperature. Which of the following observations is best for determining if the animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm?
You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm.
A plant that grows one year, without flowering, and then grows again the following year and produces flowers before it dies is described as which of the following?
a biennial
Which of the following animals most likely uses the largest percentage of its energy budget for homeostatic regulation?
a bird living year-round in a desert
In a physiological system operating with positive feedback, __________.
a change in a variable will amplify rather than reverse the change
The phase change of an apical meristem from the juvenile to the mature vegetative phase is often revealed by
a change in the shape of the leaves produced.
Natural selection refers to
a mechanism of evolution.
Which of the following cell types retains the ability to undergo cell division?
a meristem cell near the root tip
Which of the following options best describes the structure of bone?
a mixture of hardened collagen and minerals.
A strawberry plant mutant that fails to make stolons would suffer from
a reduction in asexual reproduction
Which characteristic is most likely for an epithelium that is specialized for passive diffusion of materials from one fluid-filled compartment to another?
a single layer of flattened cells
Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having _____.
a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells
Which of the following describes an anatomical difference between roots and leaves?
a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots
The large surface area in the gut directly facilitates _____.
absorption
The process by which digested dietary substances cross cell membranes to be used by the body is known as ________.
absorption
Which process does the large surface area in the intestine make more efficient?
absorption
Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids. Both digestive processes __________.
add a water molecule to break bonds
Which type of cell is specialized to store fat in animals?
adipose cells
Which of the following arise(s), directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity?
all of the above; secondary xylem, dermal tissue, leaves
When digested, proteins are broken down into _____.
amino acids
Which of these enzymes begins the breakdown of starch?
amylase
Which of the following options correctly lists three evolutionary adaptations that help some animals directly exchange matter between the cells of their body and the environment?
an external respiratory surface, a small body size, and a two-cell-layered body
If you found a vertebrate skull in the woods and the teeth were sharp and scissor-like, which type of food would you expect this animal to eat?
animal flesh
Birth defects of the neural tube in humans _____.
are reduced from about 6% without folic acid supplements in the periconception interval to about 1% when the supplements were taken
Which of the following modified roots has a similar function as prop roots?
buttress roots
The "essential nutrients" for proper human nutrition include _____.
calcium, sodium, potassium, and other minerals
Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to which of the following?
cell elongation localized in each internode
Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of
cell elongation.
Different types of food are eaten by various groups of animals, but it is usually true that _____.
cellulose digestion in ruminant mammals occurs before the ingested foods reach the small intestine
Mechanical digestion, the process of breaking down large chunks of food into smaller pieces, is important because smaller pieces of food ________.
have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food
The primary growth of a plant adds _____ and secondary growth adds _____. See Concept 35.2 (Page)
height ... girth
The primary growth of a plant adds __________, and secondary growth adds __________.
height, thickness
Nutrient-rich blood from the intestine is carried through the ________ to the liver.
hepatic portal vein
Which group of animals are characterized by having a relatively long cecum?
herbivores
The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed as ________.
homeostasis
A fatty acid includes a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end as well as a long _____________________.
hydrocarbon chain
What acid is responsible for stomach acidity?
hydrochloric acid
The hydrocarbon chains found in fats store a lot of energy. They also make fats __________________, or insoluble in water.
hydrophobic
The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the ________.
hypothalamus
An animal's inputs of energy and materials would exceed its outputs
if it is growing and increasing its mass.
Root apical meristems are found
in all roots.
Where is primary growth occurring in an old tree?
in young branches where leaves are forming
Root hairs are important to a plant because they _____. See Concept 35.1 (Page)
increase the surface area for absorption
Which of the following best describes the growth of most plant structures, except for flowers?
indeterminate
Choose the list that presents the four stages of food processing in the order in which they naturally occur.
ingestion → digestion → absorption → elimination
Upon activation by stomach acidity, the secretions of the parietal cells _____.
initiate the chemical digestion of protein in the stomach
In a healthy person, after a carbohydrate-rich meal, the production of ________ will increase, causing the uptake of ________ from the blood into liver cells.
insulin; glucose
Which organ system is responsible for protection against injury, infection, and dehydration?
integumentary system
Which of the following characteristics is shared by all types of muscle tissue?
interactions between actin and myosin
In a hydra, digestion is completed ________.
intracellularly
In a cool environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm ________.
invests little energy in temperature regulation
The most likely reason that some of the vitamins and minerals in this supplement are found at less than 100% is that ________.
it is dangerous to ingest more than the recommended daily value of fat-soluble vitamins such as A and K
Blood is best classified as connective tissue because ________.
its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix
The root pericycle is the site where
lateral roots originate.
Onions are monocots with certain parts adapted for storage. From which of the following plant parts is the main storage structure formed?
leaf sheaths
Varsha is a paleontologist and discovers an intact mammalian skull with large, wide molars, and thin incisors only at the front of the jaw. The skull was lacking canines. What type of diet did this mammal likely eat?
leafy plants, trees, and shrubs
Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has ________.
less surface area per unit of volume
Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has
less surface area per unit of volume.
Which of the following biological molecules is specific to woody sclerenchyma cells?
lignin
Which of the following is hydrophobic and therefore insoluble in water?
lipid
Bile is produced by the _____ and stored by the _____ until it is secreted into the small intestine.
liver ... gall bladder
If you were to jog one kilometer a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap?
liver glycogen and muscle glycogen
Which of the following is an example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system?
the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise
In mammals, growth hormone is an endocrine signaling molecule that stimulates repair and growth of various tissues. Which of the following is required for a tissue to respond to growth hormone
the presence of a growth hormone receptor
Imagine you have two sets of 8 blocks, each measuring 1 cmcm along each edge. You arrange one set into a large cube, 2 blocks ×× 2 blocks ×× 2 blocks. You arrange the other set into a straight beam, 1 block ×× 8 blocks. Compared with the beam, the large cube has
the same volume but a smaller surface area.
Metabolic rate is __________.
the total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time
An emergent property belongs to
the whole of something but not its parts
Which of the following is a common feature of secondary xylem and cork cells?
they are both composed of dead cells at maturity
A zoologist analyzes the jawbones of an extinct mammal and concludes that it was an herbivore. How did the zoologist most likely arrive at this conclusion?
they assessed the shape of the teeth
How do cells in a meristem differ from cells in other types of plant tissue?
they continue to divide
Nervous tissue functions _____.
to sense stimuli
Which of the following correctly describes the function of chylomicrons?
to transport lipids from the intestine to adipose tissue
Which structure is correctly paired with its tissue system?
tracheid-vascular tissue
Which of the following are water-conducting cells that are dead at functional maturity?
tracheids and vessel elements
The function of chylomicrons is to ________.
transport lipids from the intestine to other organs
A fat molecule with three fatty acids is called a triacylglycerol, or a _______________.
triglyeride
Megaloblastic anemia results from a vitamin deficiency and causes abnormalities in red blood cell production and neurological issues. Megaloblastic anemia may be caused by a deficiency in which of the following vitamins?
vitamin B12
__________________ is absorbed from some foods like carrots in the form of carotene. The vitamin accumulates in the rods and cones of the eyes and plays a role in vision.
vitamin a
________________ is involved in the formation of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, which are important amino acids and part of the collagen that forms the connective tissues. Lack of this vitamin causes scurvy, which can be prevented with citrus and other fruits.
vitamin c
What is the main component of gastric juice?
water
Which daily quantity is the least reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate, independent of whether an organism is an endotherm or ectoderm?
water consumed
Sort the vitamins according to whether they are water soluble or fat soluble. Sort the items into the appropriate bin.
water soluble: vitamin c, vitamin b1 fat soluble: vitamin k, vitamin e, vitamin d
The __________________ act as coenzymes in the body. They do not stay bonded to only one enzyme, but are used over and over again by different enzymes.
water-soluble vitamins
When is the polarity of a plant established?
when the shoot-root axis is established in the embryo
Which of the following increases the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment?
wind blowing across the body surface
Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment?
wind blowing across the body surface
Which of the following are produced by lateral meristems?
wood and cork
A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant?
woody eudicot
Which of the following is true for an emerging lateral root to function?
xylem of the new lateral root connects to the xylem of the original root
Which of the following is NOT a pattern of vascular bundles evident in this stem?
xylem toward the outside of each bundle, phloem toward the center
Cell division in the vascular cambium adds to the circumference of a tree trunk and the diameter of roots and stems by adding new __________ to the layer's interior and __________ to the layer's exterior.
xylem, phloem
Which of the following is the correct sequence of the zones in the primary growth of a root, moving from the root cap toward the stem?
zone of cell division, zone of elongation, zone of differentiation