Chapter 4.3: Formation of Post Colonial India/Pakistan

Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)

Right wing Hindu nationalist group advocating anti Muslim campaign of hatred Opposed Gandhi who negotiated with Muslims

Sikh Separatism

Wanted own state but were ignored Moved east out of West Punjab with Hindus Invasion of holy Golden Temple due to protests of Akali Dal Fasting led to split of Punjab into Hindu Haryana and Punjab for Sikhs

Central Treaty Organization

Alliance to limit spread of containment that Pakistan joined

Containment

American Cold War strategy to prevent spread of communism by forming alliances with non communist countries

Green Revolution

Attempt to use high yielding seeds , chemical fertilizers, irrigation to increase agricultural output Only rich benefitted and only some land compatible

Direct Action Day

August 16 1946 when Jinnah called for direct action to demand partition Ended in violence

Hindu Nationalism

Bharatiya Jan Singh (Hindu nationalist party) wanted to unify India under one culture/religion Replaced by Bharatiya Janata that destroyed Muslim mosque leading to violence

South East Asia Treaty Organization

Alliance formed as part of containment to limit spread of communism Pakistan joined

West Pakistan

Had larger representation in armed forces/govt Urdu speaking majority that crushed opposition in East Pakistan with military

Non Alignment

India did not ally with the First World (West) or Second World (Soviet) during Cold War

Mountbatten

Last British viceroy sent to India to oversee independence process Whether power handed to multiple states, where borders would lie, fate of princely states

Great Calcutta Killing

More than 4000 people killed Violence between Hindus and Muslims that let British see irreconcilable differences

East Pakistan

More than half of population lived in poverty Spoke Bengali and were against West Pakistan exploitations Eventually became Bangladesh

Kashmir

Northwestern state bordering Pakistan and India Had Hindu ruler but Muslim majority India and Pakistan fought war and UN eventually divided in two

Princely States

Parts of India that remained under hereditary rulers Allowed to choose which side of partition to join