Chapter 43: Immune System

In insects, which of the following is analogous to mammalian epithelial tissue, in that it serves as a first line of defense against infection? - Lysozymes - A chitinous exoskeleton - The production of a distinct class of antimicrobial peptides - The production of chemicals that kill microbes - Hemocytes that engage in phagocytosis

- A chitinous exoskeleton

Which of the following is a specific mechanism by which antibodies function in immunity? - Activation of complement system - All of the listed responses are correct. - Opsonization of bacteria - Neutralization of viruses - Recruitment of natural killer cells to destroy virus-infected body cells

- All of the listed responses are correct.

What role do major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules play in immunity? - Inhibiting viral replication - Triggering nearby blood vessels to become more permeable, thus allowing fluid containing antimicrobial peptides to enter the tissue - Binding to proteins on the surface of pathogens such as viruses or toxins and preventing them from entering body cells - Presenting antigens to T cells - Triggering a cascade of biochemical reactions that lead to the lysis (bursting) of invading cells

- Presenting antigens to T cells

Why is the development and distribution of a new flu vaccine required every year? - Previous years' vaccines have been shown to be unsafe. - Vaccines cannot be stored - The influenza virus undergoes frequent mutations and evolves rapidly. - Each vaccine is effective in only certain populations. - Memory cells for a particular virus last only a few months.

- The influenza virus undergoes frequent mutations and evolves rapidly.

Histamine is an important signaling molecule in the immune system that directly triggers __________. - discharge of enzymes that destroy multicellular parasites - disruption of the plasma membranes of fungi and bacteria - cells to produce substances that inhibit viral replication - blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable - toxic proteins to kill cells infected by viruses or other pathogens

- blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable

Anaphylactic shock is a life-threatening condition in which __________. - lymphocytes in surgically transplanted tissue such as bone marrow react against the body of the recipient - certain bacterial infections induce an overwhelming systemic inflammatory response - inflammatory chemicals released from mast cells lead to an inability to breathe and a lack of blood flow - the immune system is suppressed, leading to damage to the lymphatic system - impairment of the immune system leaves the body susceptible to infections and cancers that a healthy immune system usually defeats

- inflammatory chemicals released from mast cells lead to an inability to breathe and a lack of blood flow

Passive immunity differs from active immunity in that passive immunity ___________. - cannot be induced artificially - is not effective against viruses - is conferred by antibodies produced by another individual - is characteristic of individuals suffering from immunodeficiency diseases - is not effective until late in life

- is conferred by antibodies produced by another individual

B lymphocytes __________. - multiply and make antibodies that circulate in blood and lymph - produce cytokines - stimulate other lymphocytes - engulf and destroy bacteria and viruses - attack cells that have been infected by viruses

- multiply and make antibodies that circulate in blood and lymph

Which of the following is not a disease caused by actions of the immune system? Ulcerative colitis Crohn's disease All of the listed responses are correct. Rheumatoid arthritis Lupus

All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following cell types carries out humoral immunity? Lymphocytes T cells Leukocytes Natural killer cells B cells

B cells

Someone infected by chicken pox as a child is unlikely to suffer from this disease a second time. This is due to immunological memory, a reservoir of what type of cells that were generated following the initial exposure? T cells Mast cells Both T cells and B cells Macrophages Natural killer cells

Both T cells and B cells

Who is credited with performing the first documented immunization? Louis Pasteur Archibald Garrod Edward Jenner Alexander Fleming Linus Pauling

Edward Jenner

Which of the following classes of immunoglobins crosses the placenta and confers passive immunity to the fetus? IgD IgM IgG IgA IgE

IgG

Which of the following is not a characteristic of innate immunity? It does not include a contribution from immune cells. It includes barrier defenses. It is a rapid response to potential infection. It is present only in vertebrates. It distinguishes self from nonself when searching for foreign molecules.

It is present only in vertebrates.

When searching for a donor for an organ transplant, doctors try to match the __________ of the donor and recipient as closely as possible. cytokines leukocytes MHC proteins blood type antibodies

MHC proteins

Which of the following cells does not play a role in immunity through the phagocytosis of pathogens? Dendritic cells Natural killer cells Hemocytes Macrophages Neutrophils

Natural killer cells

Which of the following functions of plasma-cell secreted antibodies promotes phagocytosis of foreign bacteria? Pore formation Neutralization Activation of complement system Opsonization Generating a membrane attack complex

Opsonization

In a series of immune system experiments, the thymus glands were removed from baby mice. Which of the following would you predict as a likely result? The mice suffered from autoimmune diseases. The mice suffered from numerous allergies. The mice readily accepted tissue transplants. The mice never developed cancerous tumors. The mice were unable to produce an inflammatory response.

The mice readily accepted tissue transplants.

Which statement describes what would most likely happen to microbes in the blood? They are phagocytosed by eosinophils. They are phagocytosed by natural killer cells. They are phagocytosed by macrophages in the spleen. They are phagocytosed by neutrophils. They are phagocytosed by dendritic cells.

They are phagocytosed by macrophages in the spleen.

Lysozyme plays a role in immunity through _________. the targeted killing of virus-infected body cells activating adaptive immunity breaking down bacterial cell walls triggering phagocytosis inactivating a bacterial toxin

breaking down bacterial cell walls

The proliferation of the B lymphocyte to which a specific antigen binds is referred to as __________. antigenic determination clonal selection a cascade mechanism an autoimmune response an activation sequence

clonal selection

Our immune system does not usually attack our own healthy tissues because lymphocytes that target "self" tissue are __________. converted into other cells of the immune system destroyed or rendered nonfunctional never produced none of the listed responses is correct all of the listed responses are correct

destroyed or rendered nonfunctional

Herpes simplex viruses, such as those that cause cold sores, can evade the immune system and persist in the body by __________. remaining on only the surface of the host's body destroying lymphocytes degrading host cell DNA rapidly evolving within the host's body infecting cells and then entering a largely inactive state

infecting cells and then entering a largely inactive state

Which of the following cells are part of the innate, second line of defense? B cells Cytotoxic T cells Prostaglandins Platelets Macrophages

macrophages

Besides helper T cells, what are two other types of cells that HIV infects? macrophages and brain cells B cells and liver cells plasma cells and neutrophils cytotoxic T cells and brain cells All of the listed responses are correct.

macrophages and brain cells

Antibodies belong to which class of proteins? Enzymatic Transport Receptor Structural None of the listed responses is correct.

receptor

Vaccination led to the eradication of the disease ________. polio measles whooping cough hepatitis B smallpox

smallpox

The idea behind vaccination is to induce _____ without requiring the vaccinated individual to get sick. passive immunity the primary immune response anaphylactic shock nonspecific defenses inflammation

the primary immune response

In humans, the first line of defense against infection is __________. adaptive immunity the skin and mucous membranes the inflammatory response the cell-mediated response the humoral response

the skin and mucous membranes

Which of the following organisms would produce antibodies as part of an immune response? All of the listed responses are correct. Whale Earthworm Lobster Spider

whale