Chapter 44

The figure above shows a nephron. Filtration takes place in the structure labeled _____. A) a B) b C) c D) d

A) a

Which process in the nephron is LEAST selective? A) filtration B) reabsorption C) active transport D) secretion

A) filtration

Urea is produced in the _____. A) liver from NH3 and carbon dioxide B) liver from glycogen C) kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids D) bladder from uric acid and water

A) liver from NH3 and carbon dioxide

Within a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in _____. A) the vasa recta B) Bowman's capsule C) the proximal tubule D) the collecting duct

A) the vasa recta

Why are the renal artery and vein critical to the process of osmoregulation in vertebrates? A) The kidneys require constant and abnormally high oxygen supply to function. B) The renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney and the renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous wastes away from the kidneys. C) The kidneys require higher than normal levels of hormones. D) The renal artery and vein are the main pathways regulating how much is produced by the kidneys.

B) The renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney and renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous waste away from the kidneys

The loop of Henle dips into the renal cortex. This is an important feature of osmoregulation in terrestrial vertebrates because _____. A) absorptive processes taking place in the loop of Henle are hormonally regulated B) differential permeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient C) the loop of Henle plays an important role in detoxification D) additional filtration takes place along the loop of Henle

B) differential permeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient

Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules _____. A) achieves the conversion of toxic ammonia to less toxic urea B) maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids C) regulates the speed of blood flow through the nephrons D) reabsorbs urea to maintain osmotic balance

B) maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids

The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the _____. A) reabsorption of nutrients from a filtrate B) selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids C) formation of an osmotic gradient along an excretory structure D) expulsion of urine from the body

B) selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes? A) filtration B) selective reabsorption C) secretion D) excretion

B) selective reabsorption

Osmoregulatory adjustment via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can be triggered by _____. A) sleeping for one hour B) severe sweating on a hot day C) eating a pizza with olives and pepperoni D) drinking several glasses of water

B) severe sweating on a hot day

Increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is likely after _____. A) drinking lots of pure water B) sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity C) eating a small sugary snack D) blood pressure becomes abnormally high

B) sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity

The force driving simple diffusion is _____, while the energy source for active transport is _____. A) the concentration gradient; ADP B) the concentration gradient; ATP C) transmembrane pumps; electron transport D) phosphorylated protein carriers; ATP

B) the concentration gradient; ATP

What is the function of the osmotic gradient found in the kidney? The osmotic gradient allows for _____. A) electrolytes to move from low to high concentrations in the absence of ATP B) the precise control of the retention of water and electrolytes C) the loop of Henle to deliver water to the renal vein D) the filtration of large cells at the glomerulus

B) the precise control of the retention of water and electrolytes

Urea is _____. A) insoluble in water B) the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans C) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds D) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates

B) the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans

A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs is that _____. A) they have membranes of varying permeability to water B) they operate an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps C) they are the body's only means of shedding excess nutrients D) they have an abundance of myogenic smooth muscle

B) they operate an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps

Excessive formation of uric acid crystals in humans leads to _____. A) a condition called diabetes, where excessive urine formation occurs B) a condition of insatiable thirst and excessive urine formation C) gout, a painful inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints D) osteoarthritis, an inevitable consequence of aging

C) gout, a painful inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints

In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle _____. A) are the largest epithelial cells in the body B) are not in contact with interstitial fluid C) have plasma membranes of low permeability to water D) are not affected by high levels of nitrogenous wastes

C) have plasma membranes of low permeability to water

After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of _____. A) increased aldosterone production B) increased blood pressure C) inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) D) increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule

C) inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule _____. A) results from active transport B) transfers large molecules as easily as small ones C) is very selective as to which subprotein-sized molecules are transferred D) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus

D) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus

Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability? A) An input of energy is required for transport. B) Lipid-soluble molecules pass through a membrane. C) There must be a concentration gradient for molecules to pass through a membrane. D) Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane.

D) only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane