Chapter 5

Which of the following is a measure of randomness in a system? A) entropy B) kinetic energy C) potential energy D) chemical energy

entropy

Substances that plug up an enzyme's active site are ________. A) enzyme substrates B) enzyme inhibitors C) enzyme catalysts D) enzyme products

enzyme inhibitors

The sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in organisms is called ________. A) hydrolysis B) cellular synthesis C) conservation of energy D) metabolism

metabolism

The sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in organisms is called ________________.

metabolism

When a cell takes up droplets of extracellular fluid by endocytosis into membrane vesicles, this specific process is called _______.

pinocytosis

What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily? A) large and hydrophobic B) small and hydrophobic C) large polar D) small and ionic

small and hydrophobic

The amount of dietary Calories in one hard-boiled egg could raise the temperature of ________. A) 75 grams of water by 1 degree Celsius B) 750 grams of water by 1 degree Celsius C) 1,000 grams of water by 75 degrees Celsius D) 7,500 grams of water by 50 degrees Celsius

1,000 grams of water by 75 degrees Celsius

Ten kilocalories are equivalent to ________ calories. A) 1,000 B) 10,000 C) 0.1 D) 100

10,000

You have a 2-kg bottle of liquid water at 0°C. About how many Calories are needed to heat up the water to 100°C? A) 100 Calories B) 200 Calories C) 2,000 Calories D) 10,000 Calories

200 Calories

Running burns approximately 600 Calories per hour. If you ate four hard-boiled eggs, how long would you have to run to burn them off? A) 10 minutes B) 30 minutes C) 60 minutes D) 120 minutes

30 minutes

Humans convert approximately ________ of the energy stored in food to useful work. A) 22% B) 34% C) 55% D) 99.9%

34%

On average, our bodies convert approximately ____% of our food energy into useful work. The rest of the energy generates ______.

34%

The region of an enzyme to which a substrate binds is called the ________ site. A) active B) substrate C) enzymatic D) inactive

active

The ___________ of an enzyme is the region that binds the substrate.

active site

A process that requires energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is called: A) active transport. B) passive transport. C) facilitated transport. D) osmosis

active transport

On a lab bench, there are four balloons filled with identical volumes of different salt solutions: 0% (balloon A), 5% (balloon B), 10% (balloon C), and 15% (balloon D). There are also four beakers each filled with identical volumes of a 10% salt solution. The balloons are semi-permeable; that is, only water can enter and exit the balloon. All four balloons are placed in separate beakers at the same time and are allowed to come to equilibrium. Which is the correct order of balloon volumes at equilibrium, from largest to smallest? A) A > B > C > D B) D > C > B > A C) D > B > A > C D) All balloons will be of equal volume at equilibrium.

A > B > C > D

What compound directly provides energy for cellular work? A) sugar B) ATP C) DNA D) fat

ATP

The figure below shows that ________. A) ADP can perform cellular work when it binds to an additional phosphate group B) ATP can perform cellular work when it releases a phosphate group C) ATP can be converted to ADP by adding a phosphate group D) energy is released from ATP during the process of cellular respiration

ATP can perform cellular work when it releases a phosphate group

Which one of the following is TRUE? A) An enzyme's function depends on its three-dimensional shape. B) Enzymes work generally on a broad range of substrates. C) Enzymes are used up in chemical reactions. D) Enzymes emerge changed from the reactions they catalyze.

An enzyme's function depends on its three-dimensional shape.

What molecules are scientists currently trying to use to power nanotechnology devices, such as microscopic robots? A) DNA B) Enzymes C) Lipids D) Cell membranes

Enzymes

Which one of the following is TRUE? A) Enzymes are the products in a chemical reaction. B) Enzymes are the reactants in a chemical reaction. C) Enzymes catalyze specific reactions. D) Enzymes' functions require inhibitors.

Enzymes catalyze specific reactions.

Which statement best describes enzyme function? A) One enzyme can work on thousands of different substrates. B) Enzymes can perform dehydration reactions only. C) Enzymes speed chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. D) Enzymes chemically alter both the reactants and products.

Enzymes speed chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

Facilitated diffusion is not a type of passive transport.

False

Osmosis requires ATP.

False

Osmosis requires a semi-permeable membrane that does not permit passage of solute

False

When plant cells are placed in a hypotonic solution, they undergo plasmolysis.

False

What would be the best experiment to test the effectiveness of this anticancer drug system? A) Inject both sets of liposomes into a single healthy mouse and measure what happens to its blood ATP levels. B) Inject both sets of liposomes into a single mouse that has tumors and measure what happens to the size of the tumors. C) Inject both sets of liposomes into multiple healthy mice and measure what happens to their blood ATP levels. D) Inject both sets of liposomes into multiple mice that have tumors and measure what happens to the size of the tumors.

Inject both sets of liposomes into multiple mice that have tumors and measure what happens to the size of the tumors.

When ATP releases some energy, it also releases inorganic phosphate. What happens to the inorganic phosphate in the cell? A) It is secreted as waste. B) It is used only to regenerate more ATP. C) It may be transferred onto other molecules in the cell to activate them. D) It enters the nucleus to be incorporated in a nucleotide.

It enters the nucleus to be incorporated in a nucleotide.

You are riding on your bike and stop pedaling, coasting along the road. Eventually, your bike slows down and stops. What happened to the energy of your motion when your bike stopped? A) It was returned to the bicycle. B) It was converted back to chemical energy. C) It was released as heat. D) It was used to chemically break down the tires.

It was released as heat.

Which of the following molecules spontaneously form membranes when mixed in water and most likely were one of the first organic compounds formed on Earth? A) DNA B) Enzymes C) Phospholipids D) RNA

Phospholipids

When a plant cell is submerged in a hypertonic solution, what is likely to occur? A) The cell will burst. B) Plasmolysis will cause the plasma membrane to detach from the cell wall. C) The cell will become flaccid. D) The cell will become turgid.

Plasmolysis will cause the plasma membrane to detach from the cell wall.

A patient was involved a serious accident and lost a large quantity of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water—equal to the volume of blood lost—is added to the blood directly via one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion? A) The patient's red blood cells will shrivel up because the blood has become hypotonic compared to the cells. B) The patient's red blood cells will swell and possibly burst because the blood has become hypotonic compared to the cells. C) The patient's red blood cells will shrivel up because the blood has become hypertonic compared to the cells. D) The patient's red blood cells will burst because the blood has become hypertonic compared to the cells.

The patient's red blood cells will swell and possibly burst because the blood has become hypotonic compared to the cells.

A balloon permeable to water but not to glucose contains a 10% glucose solution. A beaker contains a 5% glucose solution. Which of the following is TRUE? A) The solution in the beaker is hypertonic relative to the solution in the balloon. B) The solution in the balloon is isotonic; the solution in the beaker is hypertonic. C) The solution in the balloon is hypotonic relative to the solution in the beaker. D) The solution in the balloon is hypertonic relative to the solution in the beaker.

The solution in the balloon is hypertonic relative to the solution in the beaker.

A balloon permeable to water but not to glucose contains a 10% glucose solution. A beaker contains a 5% glucose solution. What will happen when the balloon is submerged in the beaker? A) The volume of water in the beaker will decrease. B) The volume of water in the beaker will increase. C) The amount of glucose in the beaker will increase. D) The amount of glucose in the beaker will decrease.

The volume of water in the beaker will decrease.

Why did tumor size decrease in the Dox only experiment to a lesser extent than the Dox + ATP experiment? A) ATP is actually the drug that is killing the cancer cells, not Dox. B) Dox is always active in cancer cells, so it should be able to kill some cells without ATP. C) When ATP is lacking, not as much Dox can enter the cell via facilitated diffusion. D) There is some ATP in the cancer cells normally, which acts to activate Dox.

There is some ATP in the cancer cells normally, which acts to activate Dox.

A chemical reaction catalyzed by an enzyme proceeds more rapidly than the same reaction in the absence of the enzyme.

True

All biological membranes are selectively permeable.

True

All types of passive transport require a concentration gradient.

True

What statement regarding this data is TRUE? A) The weight of the tumors will not change if not treated with Dox or Dox + ATP. B) Tumor weight decreases when you add Dox only to cancer cells. C) Adding Dox only or Dox + ATP result in similar decreases in tumor weight. D) Dox is entering the cancer cells via endocytosis to induce cell death

Tumor weight decreases when you add Dox only to cancer cells.

Simple diffusion requires: A) a concentration gradient. B) the use of energy. C) protein channels. D) membrane proteins

a concentration gradient.

The force driving simple diffusion is ________, while the energy source for active transport is ________. A) a concentration gradient; ADP B) a concentration gradient; ATP hydrolysis C) transmembrane pumps; an electrochemical gradient D) phosphorylated carrier proteins; ATP

a concentration gradient; ATP hydrolysis

Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy? A) water rushing over Niagara Falls B) light flashes emitted by a firefly C) a molecule of glucose D) a crawling beetle foraging for food

a molecule of glucose

Which of the following processes could result in the net movement of a substance into a cell, if the substance is more concentrated in the cell than in the surroundings? A) active transport B) facilitated diffusion C) diffusion D) osmosis

active transport

Active transport ________. A) uses ATP as an energy source B) can move solutes against their concentration gradient C) can involve the transport of ions D) all of the answer options

all of the answer options

Which of the following statements correctly describes the normal tonicity conditions for typical plant and animal cells? The animal cell is in ________. A) a hypotonic solution, and the plant cell is in an isotonic solution B) an isotonic solution, and the plant cell is in a hypertonic solution C) a hypertonic solution, and the plant cell is in an isotonic solution D) an isotonic solution, and the plant cell is in a hypotonic solution

an isotonic solution, and the plant cell is in a hypotonic solution

In a hypotonic solution, a plant cell will ________. A) undergo plasmolysis B) become flaccid C) burst D) become turgid

become turgid

The specific type of potential energy present in food is _________ energy.

chemical energy

Glucose molecules provide energy to power the swimming motion of sperm. In this example, the sperm are changing ________. A) chemical energy into kinetic energy B) chemical energy into potential energy C) kinetic energy into potential energy D) kinetic energy into chemical energy

chemical energy into kinetic energy

The principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed is known as ________. A) cellular respiration B) conservation of energy C) conservation of heat D) entropy

conservation of energy

Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by ________. A) increasing the temperature of the substrates B) contributing electrons to the reaction C) decreasing activation energy D) changing the pH of the environment

decreasing activation energy

When a person cries, tears are exported from cells through the process of ________. A) facilitated diffusion B) active transport C) endocytosis D) exocytosis

endocytosis

When two solutions that differ in solute concentration are placed on either side of a selectively permeable membrane, and osmosis is allowed to take place, the water will ________. A) exhibit a net movement to the side with lower water concentration B) exhibit a net movement to the side with higher water concentration C) exhibit a net movement to the side with lower solute concentration D) exhibit an equal movement in both directions across the membrane

exhibit a net movement to the side with lower water concentration

Certain cells that line the stomach synthesize a digestive enzyme and secrete it into the stomach. Which of the following processes could be responsible for its secretion? A) endocytosis B) exocytosis C) phagocytosis D) passive transport

exocytosis

Examine the cells below. Cells with a higher concentration of ions than the surrounding medium tend to ________. A) stay about the same size and shape B) expand C) shrink D) divide

expand

Movement of sodium ions across a plasma membrane requires a concentration gradient and a membrane transport protein. Which type of membrane transport is used to transport these sodium ions? A) simple diffusion B) active transport C) osmosis D) facilitated diffusion E) phagocytosis

facilitated diffusion

A ________ is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

heat

If a person eats one hard-boiled egg and digests the egg fully, cellular respiration will convert most of this energy into ________. A) ATP B) heat C) carbon dioxide D) sugars

heat

Red blood cells will shrivel when placed in a ______________ solution.

hypertonic

Cellular swelling is likely to occur when blood cells are immersed in: A) isotonic solutions. B) hypotonic solutions. C) more concentrated solutions. D) hypertonic solutions.

hypotonic solutions.

An object at rest has no ________ energy, but it may have ________ energy resulting from its location or structure. A) kinetic... potential B) kinetic... conserved C) potential... kinetic D) stored... potential

kinetic... potential

Some protozoans have special organelles called contractile vacuoles that continually eliminate excess water from the cell. The presence of these organelles tells you that the environment ________. A) is isotonic to the protozoan B) is hypotonic to the protozoan C) is hypertonic to the protozoan D) contains a higher concentration of solutes than the protozoan

is hypotonic to the protozoan

A cell that neither gains nor loses a net amount of water at equilibrium when it is immersed in a solution is ________. A) isotonic to its environment B) hypertonic to its environment C) hypotonic to its environment D) metabolically inactive

isotonic to its environment

Which one of the following is most similar to the mechanism of an enzyme inhibitor? A) keeping someone from parking by parking in their designated spot B) driving the wrong way on a one-way street C) forgetting to put a cap back on a pen D) changing the tires on a car

keeping someone from parking by parking in their designated spot

_________ energy is the basic type of energy associated with motion. __________ energy is the basic type of energy associated with an object's location, structure or chemical composition.

kinetic potential

Passive membrane transport processes include ________. A) movement of a substance down its concentration gradient B) movement of water from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low concentration C) consumption of ATP D) the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration

movement of a substance down its concentration gradient

The sodium-potassium pump ________. A) moves potassium ions out of a cell and sodium ions into a cell while producing ATP B) moves potassium ions out of a cell and sodium ions into a cell using energy from ATP C) moves sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into a cell using energy from ATP D) moves sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into a cell while producing ATP

moves sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into a cell using energy from ATP

Diffusion is an example of ________. A) phagocytosis B) active transport C) endocytosis D) passive transport

passive transport

A cell engulfing a relatively large particle will likely utilize ________. A) phagocytosis B) pinocytosis C) receptor-mediated endocytosis D) exocytosis

phagocytosis

The act of a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is ________. A) osmosis B) diffusion C) exocytosis D) phagocytosis

phagocytosis

A cell engulfing small amounts of extracellular fluid will likely utilize ________. A) phagocytosis B) pinocytosis C) receptor-mediated endocytosis D) exocytosis

pinocytosis

A rock on the top of a mountain contains ________ energy. A) potential B) no C) kinetic D) conserved

potential

Molecules that come from the food we eat provide energy for the amazing work that goes on inside of our cells. This energy, stored inside of our food, is a form of ________. A) potential energy called chemical energy B) potential energy called entropy C) kinetic energy called heat D) electrical energy called heat

potential energy called chemical energy

Diffusion ________. A) is the result of the potential energy of atoms B) requires an input of cellular energy C) occurs when particles spread from areas where they are less concentrated to areas where they are more concentrated D) proceeds until equilibrium is reached

proceeds until equilibrium is reached

Usually, enzymes are ________. A) fats B) steroids C) chemical reactions D) proteins

proteins

Anything that prevents ATP formation will most likely ________. A) result in cell death B) force the cell to rely on lipids for energy C) force the cell to rely on ADP for energy D) have no effect on the cel

result in cell death

An enzyme's function is most dependent on its ________. A) pH B) temperature C) shape D) size

shape

Which component of the following reaction is the enzyme? sucrose + sucrase + water → sucrase + glucose + fructose A) sucrose B) sucrase C) glucose D) fructose

sucrase

Which component of the following reaction is the substrate? sucrose + sucrase + water → sucrase + glucose + fructose A) sucrose B) sucrase C) glucose D) fructose

sucrose

What is energy? A) the capacity to cause movement B) the capacity to cause change C) a measure of calories D) a measure of disorder

the capacity to cause change

Osmosis can be defined as ________. A) the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane B) the diffusion of nonpolar molecules across a selectively permeable membrane C) active transport across a selectively permeable membrane D) the diffusion of a solute across a selectively permeable membrane

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

If placed in tap water, an animal cell will undergo lysis, whereas a plant cell will not. What accounts for this difference? A) expulsion of water by the plant cell's central vacuole B) the relative impermeability of the plant cell membrane to water C) the relative impermeability of the plant cell wall to water D) the relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall

the relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall

Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires ________ and moves a substance ________ its concentration gradient. A) energy... down B) transport proteins... down C) energy and transport proteins... against D) transport proteins... against

transport proteins... down

What is transported across a membrane during osmosis? A) water B) solutes C) salts D) sugars

water

Osmosis is the movement of __________ from an area of ___________ solute concentration to an area of ___________ solute concentration.

water low to high