Chapter 5

Piaget suggested that the third substage of the sensorimotor stage occurred between ages:

4 and 8 months.

On the average, infants understand ___ words at 13 months.

50

developmental quotient (DQ)

An overall score that combines subscores in motor, language, adaptive, and personal-social domains in the Gesell assessment of infants.

Naomi Baron

Parents should be active conversational partners with their infants, talk as if their infants understand them, and use language in a style they are comfortable with

organization

Piaget's concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher-order, more smoothly functioning cognitive system.

Elizabeth Spelke

young infants interpret the world as having predictable occurrences

memory

A central feature of cognitive development, pertaining to all situations in which an individual retains information over time.

language

A form of communication, whether spoken, written, or signed, that is based on a system of symbols.

__________ is a biological endowment that enables children to detect certain language categories such as phonology, syntax, and semantics.

A language acquisition device

equilibration

A mechanism proposed by Piaget to explain how children shift from one stage of thought to the next.

A and B error

Also called AB error, this occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting the familiar hiding place (A) rather than the new hiding place (B), as they progress into Piaget's substage 4 in sensorimotor development.

aphasia

Loss or impairment of language ability caused by brain damage.

Broca's area

Area in the brain's left frontal lobe involved in speech production.

Wernicke's area

Area of the brain's left hemisphere involved in language comprehension.

Jean Mandler

Argued that explicit memory does not occur until the second half of first year

_____________ occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.

Assimilation

Noam Chomsky

Believes humans are biologically prewired to learn language

Patricia Kuhl

By the age of 6 months, infants gradually lose the ability to recognize differences in sounds that are not important to their language

Betty Hart & Todd Risley

Children whose parents are on welfare have a smaller vocabulary than do children whose parents are professionals

language acquisition device (LAD)

Chomsky's term to describe a biological endowment that enables the child to detect the features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics.

Jean Piaget

Contributed to cognitive theory by observing his three children

Carolyn Rovee-Collier

Demonstrated detailed memory in 2- to 3-month-old infants

Arnold Gesell

Developed a clinical measure to assess potential abnormality in infants

Nancy Bayley

Devised the most commonly used infant intelligence test

Deferred imitation

Imitation that occurs after a delay of hours or days.

deferred imitation

Imitation that occurs after a delay of hours or days.

schemes

In Piaget's theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.

Renée Baillargeon

Infants as young as 4 months expect objects to be substantial and permanent

Janellen Huttenlocker

Infants whose mothers speak often to them have markedly higher vocabularies

__________ is a form of communication based on a system of symbols.

Language

child-directed speech

Language spoken in a higher pitch than normal, with simple words and sentences.

explicit memory

Memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state.

implicit memory

Memory without conscious recollection; involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed.

Roger Brown

No evidence supports reinforcement as responsible for language rule systems

Joint attention

Occurs when individuals focus on the same object and an ability to track another's behavior is present, one individual directs another's attention, and reciprocal interaction is present.

tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity

Piaget's fifth sensorimotor substage, which develops between 12 and 18 months of age. In this substage, infants become intrigued by the many properties of objects and by the many things that they can make happen to objects.

simple reflexes

Piaget's first sensorimotor substage, which corresponds to the first month after birth. In this substage, sensation and action are coordinated primarily though reflexive behaviors.

coordination of secondary circular reactions

Piaget's fourth sensorimotor substage, which develops between 8 and 12 months of age. Actions become more outwardly directed, and infants coordinate schemes and act with intentionality.

first habits and primary circular reactions

Piaget's second sensorimotor substage, which develops between 1 and 4 months of age. In this substage, the infant coordinates sensation and two types of schemes: habits and primary circular reactions.

internalization of schemes

Piaget's sixth and final sensorimotor substage, which develops between 18 and 24 months of age. In this substage, the infant develops the ability to use primitive symbols.

secondary circular reactions

Piaget's third sensorimotor substage, which develops between 4 and 8 months of age. In this substage, the infant becomes more object-oriented, moving beyond preoccupation with the self.

Andrew Meltzoff

Studied imitation and deferred imitation by infants

___________ is the use of short and precise words without grammatical markers.

Telegraphic speech

object permanence

The Piagetian term for understanding that objects and events continue to exist, even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched.

infinite generativity

The ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules.

pragmatics

The appropriate use of language in different contexts.

sensorimotor stage

The first Piaget stage, in which infants construct an understanding of the world through sensory experiences and motor actions.

attention

The focusing of mental resources.

semantics

The meaning of words and sentences.

phonology

The sound system of the language, including the sounds that are used and how they may be combined.

telegraphic speech

The use of short and precise words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxiliary words, and other connectives.

syntax

The way that words are combined to form acceptable phases and sentences.

morphology

Units of meaning involved in word formation.

Michael Tomasello

Young children are intensely interested in their social worlds; early in development they can understand the intentions of other people

Andrew Meltzoff is known for:

demonstrating infants' imitative abilities.

When Jacob says "Me big boy!" his mother replies "Yes, you are a big boy!" This is known as:

expanding.

The term ___________ refers to memory without conscious recollection.

implicit memory

Memory, manipulation, and auditory and visual attention are measures in which of the Bayley scales of infant development?

mental

According to Piaget, one of the most important accomplishments in infancy is the development of:

object permanence.

A (An) __________ is a cognitive structure that helps individuals organize and understand their experiences.

scheme

Which of the following is Piaget's stage of cognitive development for infancy?

sensorimotor

Piaget's fifth substage of the sensorimotor period involves __________ circular reactions.

tertiary

Joint attention requires all of the following, EXCEPT:

the ability to recognize something recently experienced.

A 20-month-old child would most likely communicate with:

two-word utterances