Chapter 5

Affirmative action

(Court cases) A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

(Court cases) Court found that segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection clause; "separate but equal" has no place; reverse decision of Plessy v Feurgeson.

Craig v. Boren (1976)

(Court cases) Gender discrimination can only be justified if it serves "important governmental objectives" and be "substantially related to those objectives".

Scott v. Sandford (1857)

(Court cases) (No slave ever citizen)- Only a citizen of a the US could be a citizen of a state and only Congress could confer national citizenry. No person descended from a slave had ever been a citizen and then ended the Missouri Compromise of 1820 in an attempt to end the slavery question. Even though he was in a free state for a while, he was still property.

Reed v. Reed (1971)

(Court cases) 1st time Supreme Court upheld a case of gender discrimination.

Adarand Constructors v. Pena (1995)

(Court cases) A 1995 Supreme Court decision holding that federal programs that classify people by race, even for an ostensibly benign purpose such as expanding opportunities for minorities, should be presumed to be unconstitutional. Such programs must be subject to the most searching judicial inquiry and can survive only if they are "narroly tailored" to accomplish a "compelling governmental interest".

Americans with Disabilities act of 1990 (ADA)

(Court cases) A law passed in 1990 that requires employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment.

Korematsu v. United States (1944)

(Court cases) Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor.

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)

(Court cases) Supreme court decision holding that a state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because of their race.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

(Court cases) Supreme court ruled that segregation public places facilities were legal as long as the facilites were equal.

Affirmative action emphasizes equal opportunities over equal rights.

-False.

Age discrimination in one area that has received very little attention from the US.

-False.

Equality for women did not appear on the nation's political agenda until the middle of 12th century.

-False.

Implementation of the 15th Amendment proceeded swiftly and with the total support of the stated.

-False.

School busing was used as a tool for segregation after the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

-False.

The Supreme Court has made it very difficult to prove sexual harassment.

-False.

Winning the right to vote gave the women's movement great momentum in the fight for equality.

-False.

By the 1980's, few, if any, forms of racial discrimination were left to legislate against.

-True.

During the first 10 years after the Civil War, many African American men held both state and federal officers.

-True.

Hispanic Americans are the largest minority group in the United States.

-True.

Members of the armed services who declare their homosexuality face discharge unless they can prove they will remain celibate.

-True.

Most American mothers who have children below school age are in the labor force.

-True.

Statues and regulations prohibit women from sering in combat.

-True.

The Supreme Court has ruled that classification based on gender are subject to a lower level of scrutiny that classification based on race.

-True.

The civil rights movement organized both African Americans and Whites to end segregation.

-True.

The word 'equality' does not appear in the original Constitution.

-True.

Winning the right to vote gave the women's movement great momentum in the fight for equality.

-True.

Suffrage

A legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US constitution.

Equal protection of the laws

A right guaranteed by the 14th amendment to the US constitution and by the due-process clause of the 5th amendment.

Multiple choice

After women recieved the right to vote, public policy toward women was dominated by the idea of protectionism.

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

24th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.

Multiple choice

American society tends to emphasize equal opportunities.

Multiple choice

Children assigned to schools near their homes when those homes are in racially segregated neighborhoods is an example of de jure segregation.

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude.

Multiple choice

Comparable worth is based on the idea that comparable wages should be paid to people performing jobs requiring comparable skill.

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws.

Multiple choice

In the case Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857), the Supreme Court defended the idea of slavery.

Multiple choice

In the case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the supreme Court upheld a Louisiana law providing for segregated facilities.

Multiple choice

In the case of Korematsu v. United States (1944), the Supreme Court upheld the internment of Americans of Japanese descent.

Voting rights act of 1965

Invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it rboguth jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap.

Multiple choice

Opposition to affirmative action is especially strong when people view it as reverse discrimination.

Multiple choice

Policies that are designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials are called civil rights.

Multiple choice

Poll taxes were declared void by the 24th Amendment.

Multiple choice

Racial discrimination in public places became illegal by the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Civil right

Right or rights belonging to a person by reason of citizenship including especially the fundamental freedoms and privileges guaranteed by the 13th and 14th amendments and subsequent acts of Congress including the right to legal and social and economic equality.

Multiple choice

School busing was a practice upheld in the case of Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg County Schools.

Poll Taxes

Small taxes levied on the right to vote that often fell due at a time of year when poor African-American sharecroppers had the least cash on hand. This method was used by most Southern states to exclude African Americans from voting. Poll taxes were declared void by the Twenty-fourth Amendment in 1964.

Multiple choice

Southern states attempted to deny African Americans the right to vote through the use of literacy test, poll tax, and White primary.

Multiple choice

Suffrage for women was achieved with the passage of the 19th Amendment.

Multiple choice

Suffrage is the legal right to vote.

Equal rights amendment

Supported by the National Organization for Women, this amendment would prevent all gender-based discrimination practices. However, it never passed the ratification process.

Multiple choice

The 13th Amendment abolished slavery.

Multiple choice

The 15th Amendment extended suffrage to African Americans.

Multiple choice

The 5 words in the Constitution that refer to equality are 'equal protection of the laws'.

Multiple choice

The Americans with the Disabilities Act of 1990 strengthened previous protections against discrimination against the disabled, required employers and public facilities to make reasonable accommodations.

Multiple choice

The Civil Rights and Womens Equity in Employment Act of 1991 shifted burden of proof in justifying hiring and promotion practices to employers.

Multiple choice

The subject referred to by the head of the US Civil Rights Commission in the Reagan administrations as 'the craziest idea since Looney Tunes' was comparable worth.

Multiple choice

The Supreme Court has vioded laws that provide for alimony payments to women only, close nursing schools to men, and set a higher age for drinking for men than for women.

Multiple choice

The Supreme Court held that an admissions quota for particular groups was illegal in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke.

Multiple choice

The Supreme Court ruled in Reed v. Reed (1971) that and arbitrary sex-based classification under state law violated the equal protection clause.

Multiple choice

The case Brown v. Board of Education (1954) ended the era of legal segregation.

Multiple choice

The idea of equality on the Constitution first appeared in the 14th Amendment.

Comparable worthlaw passed in 1990 that requires employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment.

The issue raised when women who hold traditionally female jobs are paid less than men for working at jobs requiring comparable skill.

Multiple choice

The one group that probably faces the toughest battle for equality is gays and lesbians.

White primary

The practice of keeping blacks from voting in the southern states' primaries through arbitrary use of registration requirements and intimidation.

Multiple choice

The rallying for groups demanding more equality has been civil rights.

Multiple choice

The womens movement and the civil rights movement converged when it came to the debate over affirmative action.

Multiple choice

The1950's and 1960's saw a marked increase in public policies to foster racial equality primarily due to court decisions, the civil rights movement, and increased African American voting.

Civil rights act of 1964

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

13th Amendment

This amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slaveowners. It legally forbade slavery in the United States.

Multiple choice

Today, debates about equaloty typically center on each of the following key types of inequality on America EXCEPT discrimination based on income.

Multiple choice

Which of the following statements is FALSE? -Current civil rights policies conform to the 18th century idea of limited government.

Multiple choice

Which of the following statements is false? -Native Americans are not protected by policy against discrimination.

Multiple choice

Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the Voting Rights Act of 1965? -The use of White primaries.

Multiple choice

Which of the following was NOT a key strategy of the civil rights movement? -Quiet acceptance.