Chapter 5- Design of Goods and Services
Adding service efficiency
- limit the options - delay customization - modularization - automation - moment of truth
Benefits of manufacturability and value engineering
- reduced product complexity - reduced environmental impact - additional standardization of components - improvement of functional aspects of the product - improved job design and job safety - improved maintainability (serviceability) of product - robust design
Approaches to organizing for product development
- traditional (different departments) - "champion" the product - product development teams - Japanese: entire organization
Factors to generate new products
1. Understand the customer 2. Economic change 3. Sociological and demographic change 4. Technological change 5. Political and legal change 6. Other changes through market practice, professional standards, suppliers, and distributors
Manufacturability and value engineering
Activities that help improve a product's design, production, maintainability, and use
Documents for production
Assembly drawing; assembly chart; route sheet; work order; and engineering change notices (ECN's)
Time-based competition
Competition based on time; rapidly developing products and moving them to the market
Alliances
Cooperative agreements that allow firms to remain independent, but pursue strategies consistent with their individual missions
Engineering change notices (ECNs)
Correction or modification of an engineering drawing or bill of material
CAD extensions
Design for manufacture and assembly (DFMA), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), and virtual reality
Modular design
Design in which parts or components of a product are subdivided into modules that are easily interchanged or replaced
Robust design
Design that can be produced to requirements even with unfavorable conditions in the production process
Objective of product design
Develop and implement a product strategy that meets the demands of the marketplace with a competitive advantage
Engineering drawing
Drawing that shows the dimensions, tolerances, materials, and finishes of a component
Assembly drawing
Exploded view of the product
3D printing
Extension of CAD that builds prototypes and small lots
Joint ventures
Firms establishing joint ownership to pursue new products or markets
Process-chain-network (PCN) analysis
Focuses on the ways in which processes can be designed to optimize interaction between firms and their customers
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Formal evaluation of the product's environmental impact
House of quality
Graphic technique for defining the relationship between customer desires and product/service
Approaches to ensure a successful transition to production
Have a project manager; use product development teams; integration of the product development and manufacturing organizations
Work order
Instruction to make a given quantity of a particular item, usually to a given schedule
Computer-aided design (CAD)
Interactive use of computer to develop and document a product
Four phases of the product life cycle
Introduction, growth, maturity, and decline
How products and services are defined by OM
Its functions
Transition to production
Knowing when to move a product from development to production
Bill of material (BOM)
List of hierarchy of components, their description, and the quantity of each required to make one unit of a product
Product-by-value analysis
List of products, in descending order of their individual dollar contribution to the firm, as well as the total annual dollar contribution of the product
Route sheet
Listing of operations necessary to produce the component with the material specified in the bill of material
Sustainability
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
Internal product development strategies
Migration of existing products; enhancements to existing products; new internally developed products
Manufacturability test
Period of trial production to ensure that the design is indeed producible
Quality function deployment
Process for determining customer requirements (customer "wants") and translating them into the attributes (the "hows") that each functional area can understand and act on
Group technology
Product and component coding system that specifies the size, shape, and type of processing; allows similar products to be grouped
External product development strategies
Purchasing technology by acquiring a firm; joint ventures; forming alliances
Value analysis
Review of successful products that takes place during the production process
Issues for product design
Robust design, modular design, computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM), virtual reality technology, value analysis, and sustainability/life cycle assessment (LCA)
Product design
Selection, definition, and design of products
Assembly chart
Shows in schematic form how a product is assembled
Concurrent engineering
Simultaneous performance of the various stages of product development
Product life-cycle management (PLM)
Software programs that tie together many phases of product design and manufacture
Design for manufacture and assembly (DFMA)
Software that allows designers to look at the effect of design on manufacturing of the product
Configuration management
System by which a product's planned and changing components are accurately identified
Product development teams
Teams charged with moving from market requirements for a product to achieving product success
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
Use of information technology to control machinery
Virtual reality
Visual form of communication in which images substitute for reality and typically allow the user to respond interactively
Product development stages
concept --> feasibility --> customer requirements to win orders --> functional specifications --> product specifications and manufacturability --> design review --> test market --> introduction to market --> evaluation