Chapter 5 Exam

A modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response is:

applied behavior analysis (ABA)

For every 25 boxes of cookies Tammy sells, her scout troop gets a dollar. On what schedule of reinforcement is Tammy being conditioned?

Fixed Ratio

Tolman and Kohler were

Gestalt Psychologists

Occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus.

High-order conditioning

Sammy and his friends are watching animated fight scenes on television. Based on Bandura's findings in the Bobo doll experiment, it seems likely that later, at play, Sammy and his friends will:

Irritate many of the violent actions they witnessed on TV

Bandura found that consequences

do matter in motivating a person to imitate a model

Kohler's idea of animal insight was controversial because

other researchers, like Thondike, did not believe that animals demonstrated that trait.

A behavior is more resistant to extinction if it is:

partially reinforced

According to Bandura, to learn anything through observation, the learner must first:

pay attention

In toilet training a cat, "Lid Up, Seat Down" is known in operant conditioning as

preparing the training arena

The behavior of infants and animals can be easily reinforced using

primary reinforcers

In order to increase reading among the students in her class, Mrs. Gomez, a second-grade teacher, has students record their reading by placing stickers on a large chart. For every ten stickers, students receive a new book. Mrs. Gomez is using:

A token economy

Shortly after eating a piece of his great aunt's famous coconut cake, which he's had many times, Amad became very nauseous. Now, whenever his great aunt offers him a piece of cake, Amad quickly declines. Which of the following concepts best explains Amad's change in behavior?

Conditioned Taste Aversion

The heart of operant conditioning is the effect of____ on behavior.

Consequences

A Police car is a __ for slowing down.

Discriminative stimulus

For classical conditioning to be effective, the conditioned stimulus must be:

Distinctive

At the end of his first day of kindergarten and the entire week thereafter, Jeremiah's teacher exclaimed, "You may all leave" just after the sound of a loud bell. On the first day of the second week of school, Jeremiah immediately left the room just as the school bell rang, without any notice from his teacher. In this Example, what is the conditioned response?

Jeremiah left the room after the bell rang

Which of the following individuals believed that cognition was an important part of behavior?

Martin Seligman

Every time Paul's neighbor upstairs plays loud music, Paul bangs on his ceiling with a broom and the music stops. Paul's behavior of banging on the ceiling to get the music to stop is an example of_____.

Negative reinforcement

Layla's new puppy keeps chewing the bottom of her favorite curtains. Now, whenever Layla sees the puppy begin chewing, she turns on a device that makes a continuous loud, annoying sound. She will not turn it off until the puppy stops chewing. Layla is using which technique to change the puppy's behavior?

Negative reinforcement

Doretha eats all of her dinner knowing that afterward she will get a bowl of ice cream. Doretha's behavior is best explained by what type of learning?

Operant conditioning

A behavior is more resistant to extinction if it is:

Partially reinforced

Ivan Pavlos was a Russian __ who spent his life studying classical conditioning.

Physiologist

After passing his chemistry exam, Tito was told by his parents that he would be able to have access to the family car for a week. Tito's parent's are using _______.

Positive reinforcement

Bandura conducted some of his research to study:

Possible links between children's exposure to violence on television and aggressive behavior toward others.

Bandura conducted some of his research to study

Possible links between children's exposure to violence on television and aggressive behavior towards others

In his later studies, Bandura added the condition of ____ into his studies of children and the Bobo doll.

Reward

The central idea of toilet training a cat is breaking down the process into a series of small stages. This is an example of

Shaping

The central idea of toilet training a cat is breaking down the process into a series of small stages. This is an example of:

Shaping

Whenever you take a shower in your bathroom at home, the water in the shower turns icy cold just as the toilet in another bathroom is flushed, causing you to cringe. After several experiences of this occurrence, you find that you tend to cringe whenever you hear a toilet flush, even when you're not in the shower. In this example of classical condition, what is the unconditioned stimulus?

The cold water

A typical use of applied behavior analysis is:

Treating children with disorders such as autism

Without the____, higher-order conditioning would be difficult to maintain and would gradually fade away.

Unconditioned stimulus

Tamar just can't seem to get away from the sloth machines. She has no idea how many times she has to pull the levers to win money, but she's aware that at some point, she's likely to win. What schedule of reinforcement is being used in this example?

Variable ratio

An example of a conditioned taste aversion is:

When coyotes ate sheep laced in lithium chloride, got extremely sick that one time, then stopped eating sheep meat

Kohler's chimpanzee experiment involved

a chimp fitting one stick into another stick to reach out of his cage for a banana

For classical conditioning to be effective, the conditioned stimulus must be:

distinctive

The repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS is called:

acquisition

A recent study suggest a link between spanking and:

aggression in children

The response is given to the conditioned stimulus is not usually quite as strong as the original unconditioned response,__________.

but it is essentially the same response

Kohler determined that insight

cannot be gained through trial and error learning alone

The mental events that take place inside a person's mind while behaving are known as:

cognition

The heart of operant conditioning is the effect of ___ on behavior

consequences

Pavlov's dogs exhibited stimulus discrimination when they:

did not demonstrate a conditioned response upon hearing ticking sounds similar to the metronome.

In John Watson's experiment with "Little Albert," he demonstrated that:

human emotional responses could be conditioned

A five- year old watches his father dunk a basketball. Since the child is unable to reach the basket in the way his father can, the child cannot learn this behavior by observing because he cannot accomplish the step of:

imitation

Four elements of observational learning are attention, memory, ____, and _______.

imitation, desire

Operant condition relies on:

involuntary behavior

Research suggests that once people learn something:

it is always present somewhere in memory

Research suggests that once people learn something:

it is always present somewhere in the memory

The second group of rats in Tolman's maze experiment was not reinforced for finding the exit until the tenth day. Once they started getting reinforcement, the rats:

learned to find the exit almost immediately

In most employment situations, people are paid:

on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

Most of the time, punishment:

will only temporarily suppress behavior