Chapter 5: Greek City States Study Guide

Agora

the marketplace in ancient Greece

Draco

Characterized by very strict laws, rules, and punishments

Spartans

Ancient Greek state that believed in war and physical activity.

Rhetoric

The art of using language effectively and persuasively

Helots

Spartan slaves

Pisistratus

Nestor's son

Cyprus

Nicosia

Frescoes

Paintings made on wet plaster walls

Iliad

Poem written by Homer about Trojan war

Pericles

Ruler of Athens who zealously sought to spread Athenian democracy through imperial force

Compare and contrast the City-States of the Athens and Sparta in terms of social groups, government, and the military.

Sparta- 3 different social groups... 1. Citizens- came from Dorian invaders (not native Spartans, but became the Spartans). 2. Neighbors- did not have citizenship, did go in and out of Sparta. Basically there. 3. Helots- at the very bottom of the social skill, know as Peasants or farmers. Government of Sparta- 1. Assembly- hold elections to have leaders. 2. Council of elders- an experienced group in society, job was to create the laws for society to live by. 3. Ephors- elected members of the assembly for one year terms and also had the power to act as guardians of the state. Main aspect of Sparta- is their military machine. 1. Regulated the live of citizens from birth to death. 2. Every fit male member of society was forced to be in the military. 3. At age 7, you start military training. (Only boys) 4. Any unfit child was left to die. 5. Age 20 to age 60, your suppose to be in the military. 6. Age 30 your suppose to be married. Athens- 3 social groups... 1. Citizens- If both your parents were citizens of Athens, you're a citizen of Athens. 2. Metics- non-athenians, acted as merchants and traders. In and out of Athen. 3. Slaves- a necessary part of Athens. Government- very important part. A.K.A.- Democracy 1. Archons- rulers who served one year terms and were elected by the people. 1. Direct democracy- all citizens directly take part in the decision making process. 2. Representative democracy- citizens elect representatives to run the government and make the decisions for you. Military- turn 18 and did one full year of training before they became full citizens of society. Piracus- fort on the water that they use to protect them from pirates and invasions.

Myths

Stories that people tell to explain beliefs about their world

Pedagogue

Teacher

Describe the Peloponnesian War and the City-States that were responsible.

(431-404 bce) A war fought between the two leading city-states in ancient Greece, Athens and Sparta. Each stood at the head of alliances that, between them, included nearly every Greek city-state. The fighting engulfed virtually the entire Greek world, and it was properly regarded by Thucydides, whose contemporary account of it is considered to be among the world's finest works of history, as the most momentous war up to that time.

Minotaur

(Greek mythology) a mythical monster with the head of a bull and the body of a man

Crete

A Greek island in the Mediterranean Sea, southeast of Greece

Homer

A Greek poet, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey

Direct Democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives

Representative Democracy

A government in which leaders make decisions by winning a competitive struggle for the popular vote

Cleisthenes

An aristocrat, created a council of 500 and helped from Athenian democracy

Athens

Capital of Greece

Terracing

Carving small, flat plots of land from hillsides to use for farming

Peloponnesian War

Conflict between Athens and Sparta

Dorians

In about 1100 B.C. these people overcame the Mycenaean culture, Greece's earliest culture.

List and give a fact about each physical feature of a City-State.

Corinth was a trade city in an ideal location that allowed it to have two seaports, one on the Saronic Gulf and one on the Corinthian Gulf. As a result, the city was one of the wealthiest cities in Ancient Greece. The Corinthians developed their own coins and required that traders use them when in their city. Corinth is perhaps most famous for its architecture. The Corinthians developed the Corinthian order of Greek architecture which is the third major form of classical Greek architecture along with the Doric and Ionic. The government of Corinth was a monarchy ruled by a king. Corinth provided soldiers to the Greeks during the Persian Wars. They also allied with Sparta against Athens in the Peloponnesian War. Thebes was a powerful city-state to the north of Corinth and Athens that was constantly switching sides in the various Greek wars. During the Persian Wars they originally sent men to Thermopylae to fight the Persians, but later, they allied with King Xerxes I of Persia to fight against Sparta and Athens. During different times in history they allied with Athens against Sparta and then switched sides to ally with Sparta against Athens. In 371 BC, Thebes marched against Sparta and defeated the Spartans at the Battle of Leuctra. This put an end to the power of the Spartan city-state and set many of the Spartan slaves free. Thebes was famous in Greek legend and literature as well. It is known as the birthplace of the Greek hero Hercules and played a major role in the stories of Oedipus and Dionysus. Also, perhaps the most famous Greek poet of the time, Pindar, lived in Thebes. Argos was one of the oldest city-states in Ancient Greece, but it first became a major power under the tyrant Pheidon during the 7th century BC. During Pheidon's reign, Argos introduced silver coins as well as a standard system of weights and measures that later became known as the Pheidonian measures. According to Greek Mythology, Argos was founded by Argos, the son of the god Zeus. The land became dry and arid after the gods Hera and Poseidon had an argument over the city. Hera won and became the patron of the city, but Poseidon got his revenge by drying out the land. Delphi was the religious center of the Greek city-states. People from all over Ancient Greece visited the city to receive guidance from the famous Delphic oracle Pythia. During the classical Greek period the city became the shrine to the god Apollo after he slew the Python. Delphi was also a center of the arts, education, literature, and trade. Located in the center of Greece, it was often called the "navel (center) of the world". Delphi was also home to the Pythian Games, one of the most famous athletic competitions in early Greece.

Adriatic Sea

East of Italy

Posiedon

God of the sea

Aphrodite

Goddess of love and beauty

Hera

Goddess of marriage

Athena

Goddess of wisdom

Exports

Goods and Services sold to other countries

Imports

Goods brought in from other regions

Polis

Greek city-state

Aristocracies

Greek city-states controlled by nobles

Acropolis

Greek for "high city". The chief temples of the city were located here.

Sophists

Greek teachers of philosophy, reasoning, and public speaking

Darius

King of Persia

Xerxes

King of Persia

Zeus

King of the gods, god of lightning

Talk about the physical setting in Greece.

Mainland Greece forms the southernmost part of the Balkan peninsula with two additional smaller peninsulas projecting from it: the Chalcidice and the Peloponnese.

Name two facts about each of the following aspects of a daily life in the Athens: Farming, Homes and Streets, and Education.

Men were the only people considered citizens, so they did the most around the town. Men went to markets, sold good in the market, had jobs, took care of the land, met with friends to discuss politics, and went to temples to worship. Men did all the shopping and doings outside of the house. Men were the only ones allowed a formal education as well. Men had a special room in the house just for themselves. This room was for lounging around and entertaining male guests, no women except for slaves and entertainers were allowed in. Women Women spent most of their lives in the house. They weaved, cooked, trained the slaves, sewed, and raised the children. Women also had their own room in the house that men could not enter. For a house guest to enter the women's quarters was considered an act of the uttermost disrespect. Being inside made the women pale which was considered a sign of beauty. This is also why women's faces are often painted white on Greek pottery. They also wore a lot of makeup, even by today's standards, to show off their pale complexions. Makeup was applied all over the face as well as on the eyes, lips, and cheeks. Children Children in Athens lived fairly simple lives. Boys went to school to learn to read, writing, and memorize the works of philosophers. Boys also had private tutor, who were often slaves, to help them with their lessons. Girls stayed at home with their mothers and learned what they would need to have a house of their own. They helped around the house and that was basically it.

Knossos

Minoan capital city

Mt. Olympus

Mythical home of the highest Greek gods and goddesses

Minoans

The Mediterranean society that formed on the island of Crete and who were a big maritime society.

Mediterranean Sea

This body of Water separates Europe and Africa

Persian Wars

Two failed attempts by the Persian Empire in the 400s BCE to conquer the Greeks in the 400s BCE

Odyssey

a Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the journey of Odysseus after the fall of Troy

Ephors

a group of 5 officials that helped govern Sparta with the Concil of Elders

Solon

a man who is a respected leader in national or international affairs

Sparta

an ancient Greek city famous for military prowess

Troy

an ancient city in Asia Minor that was the site of the Trojan War

Aegean Sea

an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, east of Greece

Arthur Evans

archaeologist that discovered Minoan civilization on Crete

Apollo

god of music, poetry, prophecy, and medicine

Epics

long poems that tell the stories of heroes

Delian League

military alliance led by Athens

Apollo at Delphi

most famous oracle

Olympiads

the four year periods between games

Peloponnesus

the peninsula forming the southern part of the mainland of Greece

Asia Minor

the western Asian peninsula comprising most of modern-day Turkey, known to the Greeks as Anatolia

Cyrus of Persia

was famous for tolerance of diversity among conquerors of the ancient world