Chapter 5: Integumentary System

moles

Benign growth that occur when melanocytes grow in a cluster with tissue surrounding them

Psoriasis

Chronic, non-contagious, inflammatory, autoimmune disease characterized by dry reddish patches covered with silvery white scales effects the skin surface of elbows, knees, shins, scalp, and lower back onset may be triggered by stress, trauma or infection

Acne vulgaris

Common acne- inflammatory condition of the sebaceous glands of the skin.

skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in people and is caused by exposure of what ?

UV light

the skin functions as

a covering for the underlying, deeper tissues, protecting them from dehydration, injury, and germ invasion.

Urticaria (hives)

a non-contagious skin condition recognized by the appearance of intensely itching wheals or welts, which lass from 1-2 days appears elevated, usually white center with surrounding pink area appear in clusters over the body generally a response to an allergen

The epidermis is ________ and made of ______ cells.

a vascular & epithelial

an _____ is an injury I which superficial layers of the skin are scraped or rubbed away

abrasion

eczema

acute or chronic noncontagious inflammation of the skin; skin becomes dry, red itchy, and scaly most common cause is atopic eczema(allergic reaction that usually occurs in the first year of life)

impetigo

acute, inflammatory, contagious skin disease seen in babies and young children caused by streptococcus and staphylococcus organisms appearance of vesicles that rupture and develop distinct yellow crusts

__________ occurs when a person is constantly sitting or lying in the same position without shifting his or her weight

decubitus ulcers

pressure receptors are _____ in the dermal layer.

deep

the dermis is composed of what?

dense connective tissue collagen tissue bands elastic fibers muscle fibers some mast cells and white blood cells oil and fat glands fat cells

the _______ is the thicker, inner layer of the skin.

dermis

the skin consist in two basic layers; the _______ and the _______.

epidermis and dermis

______ degree burns involves only the epidermis

first (superficial)

a _____ is a groove or crackle break in the skin

fissure

stratum lucidum

found only on palms of hands and soles of feet; cells appear clear

athletes foot

fungal infection that infects the superficial layer and leads to skin eruptions; small blisters between the fingers and most often the toes

Alopecia

genetic condition that results in baldness, permanent hair loss

Most skin bacteria are associated with

hair follicles or sweat glands

the skin

has special properties that permit it to absorb certain drugs and other chemical substances

the skin

has tissue for the temporary storage of fat, glucose, water, and salts (such as sodium chloride). most of these substances are later absorbed by the blood and transported to other parts of the body

what factors activate sweat glands?

heat, pain, fever, nervousness

the skin functions to

help manufacture vitamin D. the UV light on the skin is necessary for the first stages of vitamin D formation

the skin functions to

help regulate body temperature by controlling the size of the blood vessels in the dermal layer of the skin

_______ is released in response to injury and prevents blood clotting (anticoagulant).

heparin

______ is released in an allergic reaction in response to allergens causing the signs of an allergic reaction; itching and increased mucous secretions.

histamine

warts

human papilloma virus (HPV) infections that affect the sin or underneath the nail painful and sometimes limited to areas

dermatitis

inflammation of the skin

rosacea

inflammatory disorder characterized by chronic redness and irritation to the face affects fair skin adults triggers vary- hot foods or beverages, spicy foods, alcohol, temp. extremes, exercise, stress, menopausal hot flashes

the _________ system is made up of the skin and its appendages; hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.

integumentary

Stage 1 pressure ulcer

involves surface reddening but the skin is unbroken treatment: alleviate pressure

the skin

is the site of many nerve endings

The stratum corneum is rich in ______.

keratin

________ is a protein that renders the skin dry and provides a waterproof covering; serves as a barrier against UV light, bacteria, abrasions, and some chemicals.

keratin

keratinization

keratinocyte cells change their shape, lose their nucleus, lose most of their water, and become mainly hard protein or keratin

The epidermal cells are

keratinocytes, merkel cells, melanocytes, langerhans cells

a ______ is a torn or jagged wound

laceration

Langerhans cells

macrophages that are effective in the defense of the skin against microorganisms

melanocytes

make the protein melanin

the _______ cells in the epidermis respond to injury or allergy and also produce histamine and heparin

mast

three pigments that contribute to skin color

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

basal cell carcinoma

most common type of skin cancer and least malignant usually occurs on the face abnormal cells start in the epidermis and extend to the dermis or subcutaneous layer

herpes simplex

occurs around the face and mouth symptoms; cold sores or fever blisters spread through oral contact

malignant melanoma

occurs in the pigmented cells of the skin called melanocytes metastasizes areas quickly may appear as a brown or black irregular patch that occurs quickly color or size change in mole or wart may indicate this cancer

ingrown nails

often caused by improper nail trimming or tight shoes

the _____ contains capillaries that nourish the hair follicle cells.

papilla

The lower edges of the stratum germinativum are thrown into ridges knows as the ____.

papillae

head lice

parasitic insects found on the heads of people contagious common in preschool and school aged children

melanocytes produce what?

pheomelanin and eumelanin

melanin

protein that protects the skin against the UV rays from the sun

pheomelanin is what color?

red to yellow

Erythema

redness of the skin caused by dilation of capillary network fever, allergic reaction, inflammation, or embarrassment

the _____ is the part of the hair that is implanted in the skin

root

Hair is composed of what?

root shaft, outer cuticle layer, cortex, inner medulla

the ____________ measures the percent of body burned

rules of nines

the ____ glands secrete sebum

sebaceous

_____ lubricates the skin, keeping it soft and pliable and is composed of amino acids, lactic acids, lipids, salts, and urea.

sebum

_______ degree burns may involve the epidermis and dermis.

second

the skin

serves to reduce the harmful UV radiation contained by sunlight

the _____ projects from the skins surface

shaft

Stage 3 press ulcer

skin breaks through the layers of the skin primary site for infection

shingler (herpes zoster)

skin eruption due to a virus infection of the nerve endings same virus that causes chickenpox in kids normally seen on chest or abdomen and accompanied with severe pain known as hepatic neuralgia

stratum germinativum

stratum basale undergoes continuous cell division deepest layer of the epidermis consist of a layer of cells that are mostly keratinocytes grow upward and become part of the superficial layers melanocytes and merkel cells are also found in this later

The surface layer of the skin is the _______ ________.

stratum corneum

The epidermal layers: deepest to superficial

stratum germinativum stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum

What layer connects the integumentary system to the surface muscles underneath?

subcutaneous or hypodermal layer

Sweat glands are also known as what

sudoriferous glands

Sweat glands are under control of what system?

the nervous system

merkel cells

the sensory receptors for touch

______ degree burns involves complete destruction of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers.

third

pain receptors are located where?

under the epidermis and around the hair follicles

The dermis is ________ and made of ______.

vascular & connective tissue

herpes

viral infection that is usually seen as a blister last for 2-21 days followed by remission after initial infection, the virus resides in nerve cell bodies and becomes latent and lifelong; it is subject to recurrence ex. herpes simplex, genital herpes, herpes zoster (shingles)

stratum granulosum

where the keratinization process begins and the cell begins to die

Juandice

yellowing of the skin caused by an accumulation of bile in the capillary network gall bladder or liver disease

The epidermis consist of ______ cell types and ____ layers.

4 & 5

fungal infections

50% of nail disorders conditions for the fungus to grow are enclosed, warm, sit environment which occurs in closed toed shoes debris may build up under the nail and discolor the nail bed

stratum spinosum

8 to 10 cell layers thick contain melanocytes, keratinocytes, and Langerhan cells the cells in this layer look prickly

ringworm

A highly contagious, fungal infection of the skin, scalp, or underneath nails and marked by raised, itchy, circular patches with crusts

what causes contracts and causes goospumps?

arrector pilli muscle

the ______ _____ _____ is attached to each end of the hair follicle on the side toward which it slopes and is a smooth muscle

arrestor pilli muscle

genital gerpes

blisters in the genital area

What in the epidermis aids in the regulation of body temperature to maintain homeostasis?

blood vessels

Cyanosis

bluish discoloration of the skin caused by a decrease in oxygen in capillary network heart or respiratory disease

if a boil becomes extensive or deeply embedded it is known as what?

carbuncle

boils

carbuncles noncontagious and very painful bacterial infection of the hair follicle or sebaceous gland usually caused by staphylococcus organism

_______ is an orange pigment found in certain plants that tens to accumulate in the stratum corneum

carotene

squamous cell carcinoma

carries from the epidermis occurs most often in the scape and lower lip grows rapidly and metastasizes to the lymph nodes

pallor

caused by a constriction of capillary network or decrease in red blood cells emotional stress or anemia

_______ or wax glands are modifications of sweat glands and found in the ear canals and produce ear was.

ceruminous

Stage 2 press ulcer

characterized by blister areas that are either broken or unbroken and the surrounding areas are red and irritated treatment: protect and clean the area and alleviate pressure

receptors for touch are _______ to the epidermis.

closer

stratum corneum

composed of dead, flat, scale like keratinized cells, which slough off daily complete cell turnover occurs every 28-30 days for young adults and 45 to 50 days in older adults layer is slightly acidic, which helps defense against harmful microorganisms

keratinocytes

compromise most of the epidermis and produce the protein keratin

If the body is exposed to cold for an extended period of time, the blood vessels will ______ to bring warm blood closer to vital organs

constrict

the _____ consists of elongated, ketainized non living cells

cortex

The ___ consists of a single layer of flat, scale like, keratinized cells that overlap each other

cuticle

eumelanin is what color?

dark brown to black