Chapter 5 - Joints (ENS 303)

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functions of joints

- movement - weight bearing - shock absorption - balance, mobility, and stability

synchondrosis

a union between two bones, formed either by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

synovial fluid

a viscous fluid that fills the space in freely movable joints

pivot joint

a type of synovial joint that functions by having the surface of one bone spin within the ring-shaped surface of another bone

hinge joint

a type of uniaxial joint that allows movement around one axis (and within one plane)

gliding joint

a type of uniaxial synovial joint situated between two flat articular surfaces

symphysis

a union between two bones, formed by fibrocartilage

ligament

a band of connective tissue that connects bones togethe

ellipsoid joint

a biaxial synovial joint that consists of the oval-shaped end of one bone articulating with the elliptical basin of another bone

suture

a fibrous joint formed by a thin layer of dense connective tissue

plane

a flat, imaginary, two-dimensional surface in space

diarthrotic joint

a freely moveable, synovial joint

synovial joint

a joint containing a lubricating substance (synovial fluid) and lined with a synovial membrane or capsule

amphiarthrotic joint

a joint that allows a limited amount of movement

gomphosis

a joint that binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillary bone and mandible

axis

a line that runs perpendicular to a plane and is the pivot point around which motion occurs

saddle joint

a modified ellipsoid joint composed of convex and concave articulating surfaces that affords back-and-forth, as well as side-to-side, motion

labrum

a ring of cartilage that surrounds the acetabulum of the hip and glenoid fossa of the shoulder

articular disc

a ring-shaped piece of fibrocartilage found in many joints of your body, including the temporomandibular and sternoclavicular joints

bursa

a small, fluid-filled sack that reduces friction between two structures

syndesmosis

a strong, fibrous junction between two bones

ball and socket joint

a triaxial synovial joint where a spherical surface of one bone fits into the dish-shaped depression of another bone

hyaline cartilage

also known as articular cartilage, it is a type of cartilage found on many joint surfaces

cartilaginous joint

an amphiarthrotic joint that allows more movement between bones than a fibrous joint, but less than a synovial joint

fibrous joint

an articulation that has no synovial cavity and is bound together by dense fibrous connective tissue

frontal axis

an axis that passes anterior to posterior through the body

oblique axis

an axis that passes perpendicularly through an oblique plane

sagittal axis

an axis that runs medial to lateral through the body

transverse axis

an axis that runs superior to inferior through the body

synarthrotic joint

an immovable, fibrous joint

transverse (horizontal) plane

any horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections

oblique plane

any plane that combines two or three cardinal planes

sagittal plane

any vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sections

frontal (coronal) plane

any vertical plane that divides the body or its parts into anterior and posterior sections

active transport

contractile tissue that stabilize a joint

anatomical position

erect posture with face forward, arms at sides, forearms supinated (so that palms of the hands face forward) and fingers and thumbs in extension

passive restraint

noncontractile tissues that stabilize a joint

myofascial unit

the combined muscular and fascial elements that comprise a muscle belly and its tendons

joint capsule

the envelope surrounding a synovial joint

synovial membrane

the internal layer of a joint capsule

degrees of freedom

the number of planes of movement allowed at a joint

joint mobility

the range of motion a joint can move through without limitation

cardinal plane

the three major planes that intersect at the center of the body


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